Abstract
of Sleep Medicine based on their long been engaged in theoretical research and clinical experience, from the sleep physiology, psychology, sleep, sleep disorders, sleep apnea and sleep medicine, the military chapter 5 describes the physiological changes in sleep, sleep, and Awakening of the physiological mechanisms, psychological assessment of insomnia, insomnia, sleep disorder women, the elderly sleep disorder, sleep disorders, sleep and epilepsy, sleep and cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea syndrome, and military operations personnel to sleep research. comprehensive book discusses the detailed guidance on good clinical function and reference value, for the majority of clinicians and researchers in the sleep study and reference.
Introduction Although sleep a long history of medical research, but development is slower. the progress of science, technology and medical science, the 20th century, 50 years, sleep medicine before entering a new period of development. So far, registered sleep disorders and related diseases, 87 species. sleep disorders and brain dysfunction, mental disorders, physical disorders and a variety of other diseases, there is a close mutual contact. sleep disorders is not only a health problem, and coordination with social stability and economic development are closely related. in Europe and the United States each year due to injuries caused by sleep-related disorders and operational errors caused by the economic losses of up to tens of billions of dollars. late start of modern sleep medicine, people have sleep disorders and related diseases still lack sufficient knowledge of the hazards; medical workers on the lack of sleep medicine expertise to understand the system , for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders outstanding specifications; social economic development of sleep disorders caused by the negative impact of lack of sufficient attention. In view of this, we organized a national engaged in basic and clinical sleep researchers, has prepared this Medicine, for medical students, graduate students, clinicians, sleep medicine, and other related personnel engaged in reading, for reference.'s 1 / 3 of the time is spent in sleep, sleep and diet, reproductive belong to the basic physiological needs of human survival, health sleep on the importance of physical, mental and social development is self-evident. Some people say lack of sufficient awareness of the importance of also. have a healthy sleep is to build human and social harmony, one of the factors. we talk about healthy sleep, bear with healthy sleep awareness, good health, good lifestyle, health, psychology and scientific management of sleep, etc. content. In most cases, the subjective factors in the occurrence of sleep disorders and plays a decisive role in the development process. Fortunately, each of us is no stranger to sleep and sleep disorders. Therefore, this book is also suitable for the general public to read, wish to contribute to raising public awareness of their own sleep health. Sleep Medicine is a new interdisciplinary, many of the issues should be further research, such as regulation of sleep physiology, pathophysiology of sleep disorders, sleep disorders and other diseases as well as the relationship. the development of drug treatment fairly quickly. Therefore, some of the arguments in this book appears to be correct, a number of years and then will continue to be revised, coupled with our limited, errors and omissions urge readers to criticize correction.
Zhang Xi Table of Contents a sleep physiology
Chapter 1 Introduction Section I sleep and wake hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh II study of history hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh sleep Chapter 2 Section of sleep physiology hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh physiological sleep in the motor system of sleep breathing hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh II Section sleep physiology hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh endocrine and immune system changes hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh IV sleep hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh other physiological changes in Chapter 3, the physiological functions of sleep, sleep deprivation hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II the general physiological functions of sleep and sleep hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh III Chapter 4 Learning and Memory hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh neural mechanisms of sleep and awakening Overview hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II Section III awakening NREM sleep maintenance mechanism hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh mechanism of REM sleep, the mechanism hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh IV V sleep - wake cycle Chapter 5 of the mechanism hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Phylogeny of sleep and sleep ontogeny hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Phylogeny of Section II of sleep ontogeny hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
second
psychology of sleep Sleep Chapter 6 physiological and psychological mechanisms of the pathogenesis of sleep hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh mental activity during sleep, sleep function and III experimental sleep deprivation research hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 7 insomnia sleep psychological diagnostic assessments measure hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section Section insomnia insomnia psychological assessment psychological dimension hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Assessment Section in Chapter 8 hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh psychoanalytic therapy psychoanalytic theory hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II technical methods of psychoanalytic therapy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 9 of cognitive behavioral therapy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh first section the basic theory of cognitive behavior therapy cognitive model of insomnia hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II of hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh the basic steps of cognitive behavioral therapy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 10, Section hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh biofeedback therapy biofeedback technology theory hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Biofeedback treatment of Section II biofeedback hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh basic steps hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 11, section I, Morita therapy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh the basic theory of Morita therapy Morita therapy is the principle of Section III hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Morita therapy treatment hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
third
sleep disorders and related disorders of sleep disorders Chapter 12 international and national classifications hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 13, Section I of sleep and insomnia Insomnia hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh the concept of the epidemiology of sleep disorders II hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section IV hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh the etiology of insomnia Insomnia Insomnia clinical diagnosis hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh V VI Insomnia hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 14 of the phase associated with sleep sleep - wake cycle of day and night dysrhythmia hhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II outlines hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
delayed sleep phase disorder sleep phase advance hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section IV disorders hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh non-24h sleep - wake syndrome hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh V irregular sleep - wake rhythm hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh section VI, VII, shift work sleep disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh time zone change in sleep disorders excessive daytime sleepiness Chapter 15 reasons for learning hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II Section III clinical hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
excessive daytime sleepiness inspection methods hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh IV excessive daytime sleepiness in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of excessive daytime sleepiness hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh V principles hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 16 Prevention of childhood sleep disorders sleep behavior disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section II narcolepsy (narcolepsy) hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh sleep apnea hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh III IV V meet in children with snoring disease hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh sleep myoclonus hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh VI VII VIII, rhythmic movement disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh nocturnal panic attacks (NPA) hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh section nine section X, Prader-Willi Syndrome Kleine-Levin syndrome hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Chapter 17 of the women's sleep disorders hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section menstrual-related sleep disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh II Chapter 18 women insomnia hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh senile insomnia Restless legs syndrome Chapter 19 Chapter 20 hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh night periodic leg move hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 21, Section hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh sleep behavior disorder sleep disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
II line of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section enuresis sleep panic disorder hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
IV V VI daydream nightmare hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Chapter 22 narcolepsy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 23 common diseases, nervous system and sleep disorders hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh s a cerebral vascular disease and sleep disorders hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh II brain degeneration associated with Parkinson syndrome, sleep disorders hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh III hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh IV sleep disorders related fatal familial insomnia, sleep-related headache hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh V 24 Chapter neurodegenerative diseases and abnormal REM sleep behavior hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 25, Section I of sleep and epilepsy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh the concept and classification of epilepsy, polysomnography hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh II Application of epilepsy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Section sleep epilepsy-like discharges IV epilepsy pathophysiology hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh circadian biological rhythms of sleep deprivation and epilepsy hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh V VI VII sleep induced sleep and wake up hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh relationship between epileptic discharges of epilepsy seizures hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh VIII, the relationship between sleep and the first hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh nine epilepsy with sleep disorders hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh thereto antiepileptic drugs on the role of sleep hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 26 Sleep Disorders and cardio-cerebral vascular diseases induced sleep hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section cerebrovascular diseases and processing center of the mechanism of sleep-related heart hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh II Section of Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh impact of drugs on sleep, sleep-disordered breathing hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Part IV Chapter 27
disorders sleep apnea syndrome hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 28 risk factors of sleep apnea hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 29 the pathogenesis of sleep apnea hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 30 sleep apnea syndrome among hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 31 excessive daytime sleepiness and its evaluation hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 32 of the multi-channel physiological recorder to monitor sleep apnea in sleep-disordered breathing disorders of hhhhhhhh Chapter 33 portable (Family) monitor the clinical diagnosis of sleep apnea application hhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 34 Technology and Development of sleep monitoring hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 35 sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease relationship hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 36 sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome metabolic disorders and prevention hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 37 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep hypoxemia hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 38 of upper airway resistance syndrome hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 39 neuromuscular diseases and sleep-disordered breathing hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 40 central sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 41 of the surgical treatment of OSAHS and technological progress of hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Section tongue mmm hyoid suspension for traction and upper airway obstruction tongue derived minimally invasive surgical technology hhhhh II laser-assisted palatal flat fan shape mmm oropharyngeal obstruction surgery for new technology hhhhhhhhh Chapter 42 obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in orthognathic surgery hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 43 oral appliance treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by nasal hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 44 continuous positive airway pressure treatment of sleep disordered breathing methodology hhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 45 positive airway pressure treatment compliance hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 46 Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat sleep apnea syndrome Profile hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 47 sleep-disordered breathing and accident hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Military Sleep Medicine
fifth chapter Chapter 48 of the military operations staff of sleep hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Section status of military operations staff of sleep deprivation on sleep II hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh ability of the military operation military operations personnel hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh III sleep hygiene safeguards hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Chapter 49 central stimulant - modafinil hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Chapter 4, the neural mechanisms of sleep and waking
sleep - wake cycle regulation is a very complex high-level physical activity, involving the central multi-site, at all levels, from the center of the cerebral cortex to the brain stem involved in the regulation; a variety of neurotransmitters and neurohormonal interactions of endogenous peptides and the impact of immune substances on sleep has been attached; the spirit of the limbic system, mood and sleep - wake relationship, can not be ignored. Sleep-depth study of brain mechanism in promoting natural sleep agents new development to provide conditions and to address the treatment of other sleep disorders provide a theoretical basis.
first section outlines how did sleep occurs of? sleep and wake and sleep - waking cycle mechanisms of how it? It has long been repeated through continuous exploration and research, formed a series of theories, the following were introduced.
a cerebral anemia theory
This is the first of modern medicine on the hypothesis that the mechanism of human sleep. the hypothesis that people after a day of intense activity, to the evening activity, the brain also reduces blood flow and lead to and the brain cell activity does not even slow activity, and so it was a sleep. historical circumstances at the time, many people agree with this theory.
Second, sleep hormone theory
With the deepening of scientific practice, will produce one or more then injected into the cerebrospinal fluid of normal dogs of the fourth ventricle, the results of normal dogs will sleep for several hours. Since then many scientists repeated the experiment, all get the same results. The research suggests that, in the awakening period, the brain may produce a metabolite that promotes sleep. So far, there are still many scientists in this area continue the exploration. For example, the 1965-1975 Harvard University physiologist Papanhaimo on the 48h of the goats sleep deprivation, cerebrospinal fluid, injected into awake cat or rabbit ventricle, the results of the cat and rabbit were asleep 7h. we all know, rats are nocturnal activities, laws contrary to human activities. there experiments confirmed that the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep deprivation after the goats were injected into a large 0.1ml rat in vivo, the results of these rats reduced the activities of the night 63%. In addition, some scholars have found in cerebrospinal fluid from goats, a sleep hormone may, after the determination of molecular weight of the substance is a polypeptide of 350 to 500 substances. but possible sleep hormone levels in the brain tissue is very low, so recently many scientists are skeptical of this theory. However. there are still many scholars continue to study in this area was reported 80 .20 century's urine there may be a sleep hormone, is found by the determination of a peptide, the substance of the brain micro perfusion in the rabbit, rabbit's normal sleep can increase the half. In fact, the sleep hormone theory has gradually developed into the current mechanisms of homeostatic regulation of sleep (sleep homeostasis) of one of the main content. then we will be introduced, the process is the steady state of sleep, in waking, sleep pressure will gradually increase, in order to adjust the balance at the average level of sleep, the body will take the initiative to go to sleep. sleep state mechanism is a hot topic in the exploration and identification of endogenous sleep substances, these substances as part of sleep, may be used to call the sleep factor. now found a lot of sleep-related substances such as glandular glycosides, some cytokines, neuropeptides, etc., but its role in promoting sleep and study remains to be further confirmed. scientists factors in sleep and sleep homeostasis theory study, once a reality, yet if such can be synthesized sleep factor great benefits.
three, suspension of activity, neurotransmitters are not flexible, and could no longer accept the external stimulus, arising from sleep. This doctrine of abstract, yet to be confirmed, some scholars are now exploring the ongoing research in this area.
IV sleep instinct theory < br> sleep instinct theory, also called the same. sleep is to stop the interest of all external stimuli, but also return to the womb before birth live inside the state, repeat this period warm, dark and all other features of life. Also that some people used to sleep the body curled into a ball, which is the position in the uterus is very similar to the daily morning like re-birth, to prove that this theory is reasonable. However, this theory as too abstract and can not explain many phenomena occur during sleep.
Five, the great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov made in the 20th century, 30 years, and is still a certain authority. The doctrine that the phenomenon of human sleep is due to the inhibition of brain power caused by the spread in the brain. He organisms reflex theory, in the process of conditioned reflex, the brain produces inhibition was observed, some animals will turn a blind eye nutation, muscles loosely hanging shelves in the experiment, also issued a snoring animal to sleep. conclude: Sleep is an active suppression process. When the inhibition spread widely in the cerebral cortex, spread to the subcortical center, it caused a sleep phenomenon. Pavlov its outstanding contribution in medicine, who had won the Nobel Prize, but he still can not sleep suppression theory to explain all phenomena of sleep.
six, theory proposed by scientists. purpose is inherent in the body's , work and study, sleep and waking life phenomena such as are carried out according to certain rhythms. soon deviated from the normal human life rhythm, the body's physiological function in disturbance, sleep disorders and other diseases as the pathological basis. This theory started developed into the current sleep - waking cycle mechanisms of central regulation of circadian rhythm. a large number of studies have found that different species exist in the circadian clock system in vivo. clock is generated by endogenous pacemaker rhythms, including sleep - wake cycle, including rhythmic activities are regulated by the biological clock. With the deepening of the study, many of the body's biological clock system has been identified. already know that the mammalian circadian center located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and its details will then be introduced. < br> July, sleep center sleep center
doctrine doctrine known by the Swiss physiologist Hess WR founded. He according to brain surgery, when the scalpel or current direct contact with the human brain (or animal brain) a part of the cell, would trigger the phenomenon of human or animal sleep, sleep, first proposed in 1929, the central doctrine. The doctrine that, in the middle of the brain may exist between a sleep center, sleep center of the nerve cell activity causes leading to sleep; if stimulation sleep center, the body will go to sleep. At the same time also believe that sleep is the sleep center To date, sleep has become a central doctrine of the mainstream of the field of sleep mechanism theory. However, in the early 20th century, although Hess WR and other very few scholars have been proposed sleep center there is the view, but it is still generally agreed that fatigue from sleep caused by slow brain activity; the same time that the incoming sensory information the brain to maintain wakefulness, and this information passed to stop production, led to sleep. This is the time flourishes mechanism of the passive theory of sleep. subsequently half a century of exploration, the body's sleep-related structure to be identified; while recognizing that the brain is through these structures to the active sleep-related sleep, and this is the mechanism of sleep active theory. The theory is the central doctrine of the concept of sleep further extension. VIII, Yin and Yang theory
country medical profound sleep, in sleep research in the field also has a long history. in the medicine man and nature is echoed, Heaven one, day is yang and night are negative. Sleep is the body to adapt to growth and decline of yin and yang balance of nature is a process. yang into the person is sleeping soundly in the shade, yin yang out of people that wake, that is, static and dynamic change yang when the sleep state, yang by the static Turn when awake. If Lin Peiqin (Treatment of Class CD), said: regular natural gas conversion results.
September, the central doctrine of the awakening
As mentioned earlier, arousal and sleep like belongs to the body with the most important physiological phenomenon. In addition, the latest surveys show that modern society More and more people sleep there at night, and then ...
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Classic story of the 10 management
1. Professor Professor
barrel with two students, one called A, B another name. A calm and eager to learn, B outgoing and assertive. Like a professor, everyone they spoke highly of his outstanding; professors also want to change B, but has not found a good opportunity.
B normally shown on the eccentric Professor strong views, and decided to go to a special class. One day, Professor B to see a good mood, he walked in front of Professor , asked the professor said: B, then B said, smiling: and Bob called together and started hosting two games. professor said: in the draw. who first tank full, who is the winner! the barrel raised from the pool when it is discovered that the bottom of your bucket has a big hole. and so he ran carrying a bucket of water in front of the tank when the bucket of water has been very small indeed. such a the water cylinder filled with time, B was installed in less than Bangang.
professor announced that a win. his two said: may fail to obtain the first move! and took the vats. B secretly smiled and brought kegs ran towards the pool. A side helped myself from a towel, plug the hole in the bottom of the bucket, and then go to the pool for water. big barrels more than two barrels of water than the bucket. and so a full tank, the B has just installed a little more than half.
results of the competition is a victory. professor said: will not lose out. to find a piece of cork, cut a cork used for the next day.
next morning, we all came to the side of the pond. professor said: to the vat, with the barrel; grab a keg, with the kegs! ! only vats did not even end! is a natural and won.
professor said: B thoroughly convinced of this. then became calm, practical and up.
2. wolf child
of training: Fan Yuming
gradually stronger wolf's three children together, but from the Great Wolf donkey, a wolf family that is the inexhaustible supply of food storage. Before, the coyotes have never been this far out, they kept looking around. wolf boss asked: : : There are a lot of rabbits, Mongolian gazelle and wild ass, we do a good job long enough. Four wolves that the youngest will soon grow into a real wolf.
in real life, clear objectives for a person or a team's growth and development are equally important. a person or a team to do any one thing, First, to understand their ultimate goal of doing this, and guidance for this purpose to start their own actions. In order to achieve their own ends as soon as possible, all actions must serve their own purposes, independent of all the action this purpose objects are to be abandoned. the only way to better their own purposes, to achieve faster, only individuals or groups that have a flourishing career potential. the kind of aimless success, we must first establish clear goals and to work tirelessly to achieve this goal, only the possibility of success. With the continuous improvement goals, career development can continue.
can get together a group of people said to be a crowd, rather than a team. When these people get together for the interest and reached a consensus on the direction, and is able to share common interests and development of this direction, when the population becomes a real team. Conversely, a team to be successful, we must require that all team members can agree with the common goal of the team, and can follow the team to reach this goal by the rules, procedures, and pay the price their own efforts.
If there is no clear common goal, and then get together for a strong individual and can not be successful. remember the primary school textbook has a story about a car away to a few animals. Some Pull into the sky, and some into the water pull, pull some forward, some backward. got me to pull the car quite so simple. Although these animals have their own practical objectives, but they are not able to unify a goal direction, so they pull a lifetime in vain. In reality, business management, this situation a lot, because people are inconsistent between the goals and direction due to > Chinese saying goes, success regarded it as a guide to action, that is, It is indeed the for the efforts to achieve this goal is no longer a job, but a necessity for achieving team goals and individual goals need to.
individual or team success is paved by a target , a goal is achieved and a new target of which appears in the front.
3.
of dog story: Fan Yuming
friends like to keep hunting dogs. The past is not against hunting, I often accompany a friend Together with his dogs to grab the rabbit. catch the rabbit before the first election to go to dog the dog. When our car stopped at the door when the dog, the dog inside the dozens of excited dogs started up. They cried, jumping, tried to express themselves, I hope to be elected. because dogs are concerned, go grab the rabbit is a rare opportunity to relax. usually they are locked in dog cage, there is no chance to go out, so When the opportunity comes, they all strive for. We only take 3-4 dogs each time, he was elected to be a good dog cage when released, they will take the initiative jumped into the car, a good squatting in the back seat.
rabbits are generally in the wasteland or just harvested paddy field activities, but more frequently they are nocturnal, so we often choose to grab the night. to the destination, open the door, dogs are running off to take the initiative. by a physical good people take them to the fields to find the rabbit. with each person to get a dog like a searchlight in the same light flashlight according to according to the fields, shine after the rabbit, the rabbit will run along the light. At this point they will quickly dogs rush, the collective crush on the rabbits. soon, the rabbit will be caught by the hounds.
when the dogs have caught the rabbit, it will send to the owner Diao mouth before. the owner to get the rabbit, the open bore, the rabbit's organs distributed to the dogs to eat. dogs are eating to start looking for another goal after the.
selected dogs from the beginning to grasp the whole process of rabbits, dogs are generally very positive, active, but If we catch a rabbit in the process, the successive internal organs do not give them to eat rabbits, dogs, we will obviously slack off, not so hard to catch up when the rabbit.
for dogs alike, and people go out with grab The rabbit has two advantages, first, to relax with a good, running the opportunity, and second, the internal organs of the rabbit can eat. dog's owner is in a clear understanding of the needs of these two dogs as far as to meet the so that dogs are willing to become a tool he caught the rabbit.
the management of the same reality, a very important leader in content of the work is to understand the hopes and needs of subordinates, and to find ways to meet them, so that they can dedicate themselves to work, to create better results.
understand the hopes and needs of subordinates seemingly very simple things, do not think it's so easy. For an enterprise, employee turnover is a very common thing. Why can quit this issue for the employees, managers are not always clear. They are often attributed to employee turnover is dissatisfaction about pay, pay adjustments trying to avoid the occurrence of the phenomenon of employee turnover, but the actual effect is not obvious.
pay the amount of employee turnover is indeed produced a major reason for the phenomenon. This is the beginning from the end of each year and the peak occurs can be seen hopping. end of the year to early next year this time is distribution of light at the end of each business, when employees work very hard year, the amount paid from the general during this time have a clear answer. so this is most likely to stir emotion staff time, those dissatisfied with their pay but are facing new opportunities for employees, they began to consider jump ship.
may be why some enterprises to adjust the pay standard, still can not reduce the job-hopping phenomenon happen? It is actually quite simple, that is, the demand for employees in addition to pay and hope, the There are other aspects. To make the ranks of employees remained relatively stable, as managers must fully understand the needs of staff and hope.
addition to a reasonable salary, the employees there in the end what the needs and hopes it? management from my own experience and discussion with colleagues, I think the corporate employees in addition to salary, there are several aspects of the needs and hopes. these aspects together constitute the staff of the pay-to-business evaluation standard, the staff is the basis of this comprehensive evaluation of the enterprise to determine their own fate in.
one.
fairness and respect I speak here not only pay the fair and reasonable and fair, also include staff in the personality equality. enterprises or the level of distinction within the team will result in excessive employee psychological imbalance. long-term psychological imbalance in this work, it will naturally produce the unknown factor. In today's employment system, the employer and the employee would have two equal subjects. the employer to provide remuneration and other benefits in exchange for the way employees work, employees use their own labor in return for reasonable remuneration and benefits, the difference between the two does not have class. but in reality the management process Many enterprise managers often ignore this equality, consider themselves to provide staff with opportunities for employment, and often display a superior attitude, a way to approximate drive to dominate people, causing psychological imbalance in the staff. Staff without due respect for the personality of the case or group of enterprises will be satisfied with itself, so choose quit.
II.
recognition and attention to staff needs of business or team achievement recognition and attention . in obtaining recognition and attention to the circumstances, staff motivation and initiative can be fully realized. any employee from the subjective side, do not exist do not make progress in the psychological, everyone wants to be sure the work . do not make progress phenomenon of the working environment completely, and in creating the work environment is business or the team itself. The level of remuneration to employees is one of recognition and emphasis, the spiritual, the recognition and importance of honor is also essential.
III.
opportunity and security is a matter of fact any employees are reluctant to jump around from the inside, because every job-hopping have to pay a price. quit all efforts not only in the past have been written off, the new position also requires a long adaptation period. so we are in the last resort before choosing to change jobs. The purpose of job-hopping is often not to be in the original business development opportunities. As the saying goes: ; people fled to high water flow to the is located. difficult to retain talents. In this increasingly competitive society, stagnation is a step backwards, backwards, there might be eliminated. It also involves a safety issue. Only in the case of the continuous development of , with a greater sense of security personnel.
From the above analysis we can see the actual needs of employees and hope are many, the leader of these people only want to take a firm hold of the situation and needs, it may be development staff to create a good space, the staff was likely to remain a good team a steady state.
Although in today's society is quite normal flow of talent, but for an enterprise, too much movement of the hazard is great. so business leaders should always put the people to establish a good working environment and play space as the most important task. Only in this way, enterprises can be flourishing.
4. two points Tree
flash floods, a big tree by the flood rushed down the hill from the mountain. A, B and two at the same time found it, so the two discuss how the sub-tree.
i want to get the tree, but not too aware that his fears of the B's dissatisfaction, it will be very politely on B said: After the tree I have to prepare materials to go home! house needs wood, I have no use of wood. How about this, the roots go I, I go back to wood, and the rest of the property of you! generous. good points about the way the tree, two people sent for their families will help the tree that way by B separated. A happily cut the tree back home, B with the help of family members to also carried back the roots.
a home simply is not prepared to build new houses, just to get the tree was said so. The next day he sold it to a tree, ready to put the people who build a house, got 2000 dollars. B's family heard, are complaining B. B just smiled and did not speak.
over a period of time, B roots to do with that large Gendiao sold 10 million. A hearing the news, gas windy, but no way. In fact, even when the roots to the A, he can only hack it out the wood. as and than B, his lack of a critical thing, and that is creativity . It is because B's Midas touch has played a role in creativity, so not much of a seemingly useless things into a baby.
a successful team must be an innovative and creative team. This requires team members to strive for the team to create a relaxed environment in which members of the creative spirit and creativity into full play. This is that it is very easy, but really it is very difficult to do. Most of the leaders behave like the staff, they procedure of doing things is more important than our results, so many new ideas, new ideas being proposed is to kill off early, there is no opportunity to put into practice.
Innovation Creation is a certain risk, so many people even have a new idea will not easily expressed. They think that even if the effectiveness of new ideas met, the biggest beneficiary is the boss or the team as a whole, but failed its responsibility if a need to bear by themselves. So the idea in general, innovation is not innovation, creativity does not create not my thing, behave themselves to do their own thing, worthy of remuneration paid by the boss on it. This is little incentive for a team a concrete manifestation of the spirit of innovation.
to make a team as a whole has the innovative spirit, you must create an incentive for innovation, creativity of the mechanism. the center of this mechanism is to give team members the opportunity to try, as long as possible to encourage employees to Try their new ideas, new plans, while giving them the chance of failure. Facts have proved that when a person fails to obtain the encouragement of success than its time to get a driving force to encourage greater.
Innovation is the soul, is an inexhaustible motive force for enterprise development. any one of a hundred years the world has been able to continue and develop it, and both benefited from the innovation and creativity. the rapid development in science and technology today, the company's thinking and philosophy also must synchronize the development of blinking may have been eliminated.
almost all of them hope that their powers with the Midas touch, in fact, in reality, this super capacity everywhere. the spirit of innovation and creativity Labor is the only super power to achieve this way. two European companies are sent to Africa by a salesman selling shoes to the destination they found the land, who do not wear shoes. One telephone company, said here people do not wear shoes, not the market. The other said, people here have no shoes, hit the market very. Finally, the second person on behalf of the company a success. distinctive creative thinking to obtain the golden touch effect.
in the highly competitive today, in order to build a successful team must be invincible spirit of innovation and creative thinking to build a good use of space, and blindly follow the beaten track there is only one result, that is destruction. < br> 5. monk's belief
interest in teaching, decided to accept the tang of the poor, went to Great Western Paradise Leiyin Si Tianzhu National strike at the main Buddha of Mahayana scriptures. As a result, Buddhist sutras, the story begins.
receive the Buddhist sutras, the bad, Xuanzang made a compelling vision of a great oath that, and he tang, said: falling into the sink to hell forever. Under Xuanzang's discouraged despite all the disciples, decided to set foot on the road westbound.
after the monk's journey from Chang'an, there are still many people in good faith to remind him, distant and dangerous road of the Western Paradise, is very may be waiting for him a foreign land line to the western sky had a postmortem. But no matter how we persuade and remind learn monk still do not change the heart. In the road destined for the Western Paradise, the only danger in constantly, and the money, beautiful women, throne and other temptations is endless. the face of these dangerous and temptation, and its firm belief has not wavered. It is because of clear objectives and a firm belief in monk-led team to learn all the way through the clutter and Jiang Yao slayer, and finally reached west, made Scriptures and go. If there is no firm conviction, even though several of his disciples have another big skills, learn the task is not completed.
often encountered in real life such a thing, when a specific goal is established, we have to be blown away, and have secretly resolved to go a long way until the goal is not up to the trend, and in the implementation process of a problem but there are unexpected, everyone will want to quit. this time around The speech and the role of the environment and is huge, many times we have so shaken the faith, so the goal became elusive thing. This is the concrete expression of faith is not firm. run into this situation, As a team leader of the core team members will find ways to inspire the morale and enhance their courage to overcome difficulties. such examples in the , monk is rescued Taibaijinxing. Taibaijinxing leave in time to leave their four children and blow Song: After complaining about. will lose out below. In fact, this Taibaijinxing the modern enterprise managers to encourage a common method. If an employee assigned to perform a difficult job, often said: it! have everyone in the back support you. . This is the reason why the monk can be acknowledged by a few main disciples, but also a key factor in the success of the team.
in real life, we often use the reasons is the lack of changed to: to be completely abandoned, There is an old saying in China said a word. war have to be born, no war and withdrawal can only die. a successful winning team must first have a firm belief, that belief comes from every member of the team. Any member of a team in order to outstanding team, you have to put all this faith as a guide to action.
are in a good team, you have no choice but to strive to run! toward the distant goal, keep running! to target implementation, you have no reason to stop running!
6. wolf's death the night under
storm, leaving three wolf wolves foraging covered with thick snow trapped in the savannah. s The next day the storm stopped. three lost wolf began the difficult process of looking for wolves. They have to find wolves, or in which the frozen prairie, to the strength of their three wolves could not survive. In order to reduce physical exertion, but the three in a row, the lead is a very experienced wolf outdoor survival. The latter two younger wolves wolf footprints marching order to go forward. The weather was cold, the snow is very thick, they Each step is very difficult. Suddenly, the wolf fell down, his legs buried in the snow following a draw with the tip of a big hole in the stone, a lot of blood flow. It seems the wolf can not lead the way, a young wolf immediately walk in the first place, followed by the wolf, then the other young wolves. In this way, they nap with.
wolf finally can not hold on, severe pain made him unable to move out. We had to stop to discuss the contingency approach. the wolf is definitely not leave, that is contrary to the Wolf Road business. If the two young wolves carrying him away, it is estimated it difficult for them out of the ice and snow grassland. Finally, the wolf proposal, first put him here, so find two wolves and then the young wolves with wolves save him. We all think this is a good idea. Thus, two juvenile wolves the wolf was settled in the vicinity of a sunny, leeward of a small hill next to a boulder below, then embarked on their journey to find the wolves.
waiting is painful, started wolf has confidence, he believed that two young with wolves wolves will come and save him. may be after noon, still does not see the shadow of wolves, the wolf began to worry cold and hungry. He cried loudly, hoping the wolves can hear his voice. However, apart from the cold wind moans, but no other sounds to respond to him. Finally, his voice also called dumb, and never utter here. close the evening, the wind more, the days colder. wolf crouched on the There, two young mental cursing similar. he felt that they deceived him and left him. He seems to have seen the final outcome of their own, that is, even with starvation in the frozen ice and snow, and then ate it to Atlanta body. No, this is not the ultimate goal of a wolf, a wolf is not really be killed or starved to death. So he struggled to his feet, looked at the world one last look, and then exhausted body strength that step stone collision! rushed to the stone in his moment, he heard the distant howling of wolves, he knew the wolves come. could have irreversible outcomes, the wolf's head on a stone and knocked brains come apart. When the wolves come, the wolf the last vestiges of dead bodies just to disperse the heat.
wolf's death is tragic, and it is deplorable. tragedy never should have happened, he should believe his partner because They come from a good team. predicament occurs early, and their response was timely and effective their decisions are correct. they discharge the wolves usual one column to the best cooperation to reduce the consumption of physical strength. After injury in the wolf, the young wolf replaced his position immediately, and let him walk in the middle of three wolves, the purpose is to better protect him and help him. When he was unable to walk when he settled in the security place, the two young wolves to continue to look for wolves, and then come back to save his plan is feasible. But the most critical moment, the wolf lost the trust of partners, and ultimately lost their lives on snowy him.
In a good team, each member must be fully trust their partners, the only way we can pool our strengths together to form an invincible force. any member of the fighting together with their partners in the common suspicion and distrust, will greatly reduce the combat effectiveness of the team, so that the interests of the team and individuals suffer huge losses.
full trust among team members is the basis for close cooperation, and close cooperation is the basis for the formation of team spirit. Thus, mutual trust is essential to build a successful team, one of the conditions. have lost the basic conditions of mutual trust, to create a successful team is always possible.
success from the trust in!
7. monkey build a wall story
vocational skills competition held in the Kingdom of the forest, build a wall of three monkey game. contest rules are: first adobe used for the walls, and then add a layer of white on the outside wall of the mud to see who was faster and better base.
the race began.
first monkey think, anyway, to wipe out a layer of white mud, and which does not matter with no mud. so he did not use clay for adhesive materials to directly to the adobe base together, and then out of the mud, covered in white. adobe in the base when the center also collapsed twice, but finally finished.
second monkey think, anyway, the outside To wipe a layer of white mud, and which does not look good okay pretty. So he will adobe mud sticking together pieces �ݳ� the wall, did not consider the occlusion between the adobe and adobe, and then also cast a layer of outside white mud. in the base when the adobe, a collapse of the middle.
third monkey does not think the game started he methodically began his work. He first leveled the place to build a wall , and then began to go up adobe barrier layer by layer. In the process of build a wall, he not only used for bonding is very uniform impeccably adobe mud, but also pay great attention to adobe and adobe and the connection between the bite. wall base, he is also seriously out of the wall cast a layer of white mud.
about two hours later, three block walls look almost exactly the same as standing in front of everyone. three points monkey were In his work before, waiting for the judges judge. the jury by the fox, hare, and brought in water buffaloes from the composition of the forest outside. judges of the wall from the first monkey started, we first turn around the wall of a circle. Suddenly, the judges cow sneezed, the first monkey answered the walls collapsed. scared the fox quickly step aside to hide, do not accidentally hit the wall of the second monkey, the second monkey's a wall down, almost to the rabbit's foot was smashed. only three monkey Lower Dir barrier wall, the cow went to the wall in front of his strong body with a hard hit to the wall still standing there. It was natural that the third monkey won the championship.
Why look almost exactly the same as three-block walls, and some are hit do not hit back hard, and some gave a sneeze overthrown? The reason is that the internal structure of the wall different. In fact, in the enterprise management process, we often encounter a similar situation. we can put three walls were seen as three different types of teams.
monkey wall of the first team to represent only a collection of simple people, we have little relationship to each other, just being an external factor linked with a simple, hardly any among the members of the communication and collaboration. This team is not the slightest fighting , let alone what a team.
the walls of the second monkey, although the team on behalf of institutions and principles with a certain member of the team combined together, but the lack of effective team members and collaboration with , contact and cooperation between them is passive, and principles in a team system, achieved under forcing. This does not form a great team cohesion and competitiveness of the conditions, is unable to resist and withstand external shocks.
The third monkey team represented by the wall not only ensure the principles of team work to maintain the systems and the relationships between team members and team members through effective communication and close cooperation to stick together, forming a huge cohesion and competitiveness. In other words, the combination between them is like a chemical reaction, chemical reaction through which completely melted into one. but there are outside forces of a crash at any point to it when it is based on the overall the strength of response. This is exactly why the collision cow down the third wall is not the main reason. We usually call this condensation force is called the team together, team spirit, team spirit among team members from the trust, communication , collaboration, with ...
barrel with two students, one called A, B another name. A calm and eager to learn, B outgoing and assertive. Like a professor, everyone they spoke highly of his outstanding; professors also want to change B, but has not found a good opportunity.
B normally shown on the eccentric Professor strong views, and decided to go to a special class. One day, Professor B to see a good mood, he walked in front of Professor , asked the professor said: B, then B said, smiling: and Bob called together and started hosting two games. professor said: in the draw. who first tank full, who is the winner! the barrel raised from the pool when it is discovered that the bottom of your bucket has a big hole. and so he ran carrying a bucket of water in front of the tank when the bucket of water has been very small indeed. such a the water cylinder filled with time, B was installed in less than Bangang.
professor announced that a win. his two said: may fail to obtain the first move! and took the vats. B secretly smiled and brought kegs ran towards the pool. A side helped myself from a towel, plug the hole in the bottom of the bucket, and then go to the pool for water. big barrels more than two barrels of water than the bucket. and so a full tank, the B has just installed a little more than half.
results of the competition is a victory. professor said: will not lose out. to find a piece of cork, cut a cork used for the next day.
next morning, we all came to the side of the pond. professor said: to the vat, with the barrel; grab a keg, with the kegs! ! only vats did not even end! is a natural and won.
professor said: B thoroughly convinced of this. then became calm, practical and up.
2. wolf child
of training: Fan Yuming
gradually stronger wolf's three children together, but from the Great Wolf donkey, a wolf family that is the inexhaustible supply of food storage. Before, the coyotes have never been this far out, they kept looking around. wolf boss asked: : : There are a lot of rabbits, Mongolian gazelle and wild ass, we do a good job long enough. Four wolves that the youngest will soon grow into a real wolf.
in real life, clear objectives for a person or a team's growth and development are equally important. a person or a team to do any one thing, First, to understand their ultimate goal of doing this, and guidance for this purpose to start their own actions. In order to achieve their own ends as soon as possible, all actions must serve their own purposes, independent of all the action this purpose objects are to be abandoned. the only way to better their own purposes, to achieve faster, only individuals or groups that have a flourishing career potential. the kind of aimless success, we must first establish clear goals and to work tirelessly to achieve this goal, only the possibility of success. With the continuous improvement goals, career development can continue.
can get together a group of people said to be a crowd, rather than a team. When these people get together for the interest and reached a consensus on the direction, and is able to share common interests and development of this direction, when the population becomes a real team. Conversely, a team to be successful, we must require that all team members can agree with the common goal of the team, and can follow the team to reach this goal by the rules, procedures, and pay the price their own efforts.
If there is no clear common goal, and then get together for a strong individual and can not be successful. remember the primary school textbook has a story about a car away to a few animals. Some Pull into the sky, and some into the water pull, pull some forward, some backward. got me to pull the car quite so simple. Although these animals have their own practical objectives, but they are not able to unify a goal direction, so they pull a lifetime in vain. In reality, business management, this situation a lot, because people are inconsistent between the goals and direction due to > Chinese saying goes, success regarded it as a guide to action, that is, It is indeed the for the efforts to achieve this goal is no longer a job, but a necessity for achieving team goals and individual goals need to.
individual or team success is paved by a target , a goal is achieved and a new target of which appears in the front.
3.
of dog story: Fan Yuming
friends like to keep hunting dogs. The past is not against hunting, I often accompany a friend Together with his dogs to grab the rabbit. catch the rabbit before the first election to go to dog the dog. When our car stopped at the door when the dog, the dog inside the dozens of excited dogs started up. They cried, jumping, tried to express themselves, I hope to be elected. because dogs are concerned, go grab the rabbit is a rare opportunity to relax. usually they are locked in dog cage, there is no chance to go out, so When the opportunity comes, they all strive for. We only take 3-4 dogs each time, he was elected to be a good dog cage when released, they will take the initiative jumped into the car, a good squatting in the back seat.
rabbits are generally in the wasteland or just harvested paddy field activities, but more frequently they are nocturnal, so we often choose to grab the night. to the destination, open the door, dogs are running off to take the initiative. by a physical good people take them to the fields to find the rabbit. with each person to get a dog like a searchlight in the same light flashlight according to according to the fields, shine after the rabbit, the rabbit will run along the light. At this point they will quickly dogs rush, the collective crush on the rabbits. soon, the rabbit will be caught by the hounds.
when the dogs have caught the rabbit, it will send to the owner Diao mouth before. the owner to get the rabbit, the open bore, the rabbit's organs distributed to the dogs to eat. dogs are eating to start looking for another goal after the.
selected dogs from the beginning to grasp the whole process of rabbits, dogs are generally very positive, active, but If we catch a rabbit in the process, the successive internal organs do not give them to eat rabbits, dogs, we will obviously slack off, not so hard to catch up when the rabbit.
for dogs alike, and people go out with grab The rabbit has two advantages, first, to relax with a good, running the opportunity, and second, the internal organs of the rabbit can eat. dog's owner is in a clear understanding of the needs of these two dogs as far as to meet the so that dogs are willing to become a tool he caught the rabbit.
the management of the same reality, a very important leader in content of the work is to understand the hopes and needs of subordinates, and to find ways to meet them, so that they can dedicate themselves to work, to create better results.
understand the hopes and needs of subordinates seemingly very simple things, do not think it's so easy. For an enterprise, employee turnover is a very common thing. Why can quit this issue for the employees, managers are not always clear. They are often attributed to employee turnover is dissatisfaction about pay, pay adjustments trying to avoid the occurrence of the phenomenon of employee turnover, but the actual effect is not obvious.
pay the amount of employee turnover is indeed produced a major reason for the phenomenon. This is the beginning from the end of each year and the peak occurs can be seen hopping. end of the year to early next year this time is distribution of light at the end of each business, when employees work very hard year, the amount paid from the general during this time have a clear answer. so this is most likely to stir emotion staff time, those dissatisfied with their pay but are facing new opportunities for employees, they began to consider jump ship.
may be why some enterprises to adjust the pay standard, still can not reduce the job-hopping phenomenon happen? It is actually quite simple, that is, the demand for employees in addition to pay and hope, the There are other aspects. To make the ranks of employees remained relatively stable, as managers must fully understand the needs of staff and hope.
addition to a reasonable salary, the employees there in the end what the needs and hopes it? management from my own experience and discussion with colleagues, I think the corporate employees in addition to salary, there are several aspects of the needs and hopes. these aspects together constitute the staff of the pay-to-business evaluation standard, the staff is the basis of this comprehensive evaluation of the enterprise to determine their own fate in.
one.
fairness and respect I speak here not only pay the fair and reasonable and fair, also include staff in the personality equality. enterprises or the level of distinction within the team will result in excessive employee psychological imbalance. long-term psychological imbalance in this work, it will naturally produce the unknown factor. In today's employment system, the employer and the employee would have two equal subjects. the employer to provide remuneration and other benefits in exchange for the way employees work, employees use their own labor in return for reasonable remuneration and benefits, the difference between the two does not have class. but in reality the management process Many enterprise managers often ignore this equality, consider themselves to provide staff with opportunities for employment, and often display a superior attitude, a way to approximate drive to dominate people, causing psychological imbalance in the staff. Staff without due respect for the personality of the case or group of enterprises will be satisfied with itself, so choose quit.
II.
recognition and attention to staff needs of business or team achievement recognition and attention . in obtaining recognition and attention to the circumstances, staff motivation and initiative can be fully realized. any employee from the subjective side, do not exist do not make progress in the psychological, everyone wants to be sure the work . do not make progress phenomenon of the working environment completely, and in creating the work environment is business or the team itself. The level of remuneration to employees is one of recognition and emphasis, the spiritual, the recognition and importance of honor is also essential.
III.
opportunity and security is a matter of fact any employees are reluctant to jump around from the inside, because every job-hopping have to pay a price. quit all efforts not only in the past have been written off, the new position also requires a long adaptation period. so we are in the last resort before choosing to change jobs. The purpose of job-hopping is often not to be in the original business development opportunities. As the saying goes: ; people fled to high water flow to the is located. difficult to retain talents. In this increasingly competitive society, stagnation is a step backwards, backwards, there might be eliminated. It also involves a safety issue. Only in the case of the continuous development of , with a greater sense of security personnel.
From the above analysis we can see the actual needs of employees and hope are many, the leader of these people only want to take a firm hold of the situation and needs, it may be development staff to create a good space, the staff was likely to remain a good team a steady state.
Although in today's society is quite normal flow of talent, but for an enterprise, too much movement of the hazard is great. so business leaders should always put the people to establish a good working environment and play space as the most important task. Only in this way, enterprises can be flourishing.
4. two points Tree
flash floods, a big tree by the flood rushed down the hill from the mountain. A, B and two at the same time found it, so the two discuss how the sub-tree.
i want to get the tree, but not too aware that his fears of the B's dissatisfaction, it will be very politely on B said: After the tree I have to prepare materials to go home! house needs wood, I have no use of wood. How about this, the roots go I, I go back to wood, and the rest of the property of you! generous. good points about the way the tree, two people sent for their families will help the tree that way by B separated. A happily cut the tree back home, B with the help of family members to also carried back the roots.
a home simply is not prepared to build new houses, just to get the tree was said so. The next day he sold it to a tree, ready to put the people who build a house, got 2000 dollars. B's family heard, are complaining B. B just smiled and did not speak.
over a period of time, B roots to do with that large Gendiao sold 10 million. A hearing the news, gas windy, but no way. In fact, even when the roots to the A, he can only hack it out the wood. as and than B, his lack of a critical thing, and that is creativity . It is because B's Midas touch has played a role in creativity, so not much of a seemingly useless things into a baby.
a successful team must be an innovative and creative team. This requires team members to strive for the team to create a relaxed environment in which members of the creative spirit and creativity into full play. This is that it is very easy, but really it is very difficult to do. Most of the leaders behave like the staff, they procedure of doing things is more important than our results, so many new ideas, new ideas being proposed is to kill off early, there is no opportunity to put into practice.
Innovation Creation is a certain risk, so many people even have a new idea will not easily expressed. They think that even if the effectiveness of new ideas met, the biggest beneficiary is the boss or the team as a whole, but failed its responsibility if a need to bear by themselves. So the idea in general, innovation is not innovation, creativity does not create not my thing, behave themselves to do their own thing, worthy of remuneration paid by the boss on it. This is little incentive for a team a concrete manifestation of the spirit of innovation.
to make a team as a whole has the innovative spirit, you must create an incentive for innovation, creativity of the mechanism. the center of this mechanism is to give team members the opportunity to try, as long as possible to encourage employees to Try their new ideas, new plans, while giving them the chance of failure. Facts have proved that when a person fails to obtain the encouragement of success than its time to get a driving force to encourage greater.
Innovation is the soul, is an inexhaustible motive force for enterprise development. any one of a hundred years the world has been able to continue and develop it, and both benefited from the innovation and creativity. the rapid development in science and technology today, the company's thinking and philosophy also must synchronize the development of blinking may have been eliminated.
almost all of them hope that their powers with the Midas touch, in fact, in reality, this super capacity everywhere. the spirit of innovation and creativity Labor is the only super power to achieve this way. two European companies are sent to Africa by a salesman selling shoes to the destination they found the land, who do not wear shoes. One telephone company, said here people do not wear shoes, not the market. The other said, people here have no shoes, hit the market very. Finally, the second person on behalf of the company a success. distinctive creative thinking to obtain the golden touch effect.
in the highly competitive today, in order to build a successful team must be invincible spirit of innovation and creative thinking to build a good use of space, and blindly follow the beaten track there is only one result, that is destruction. < br> 5. monk's belief
interest in teaching, decided to accept the tang of the poor, went to Great Western Paradise Leiyin Si Tianzhu National strike at the main Buddha of Mahayana scriptures. As a result, Buddhist sutras, the story begins.
receive the Buddhist sutras, the bad, Xuanzang made a compelling vision of a great oath that, and he tang, said: falling into the sink to hell forever. Under Xuanzang's discouraged despite all the disciples, decided to set foot on the road westbound.
after the monk's journey from Chang'an, there are still many people in good faith to remind him, distant and dangerous road of the Western Paradise, is very may be waiting for him a foreign land line to the western sky had a postmortem. But no matter how we persuade and remind learn monk still do not change the heart. In the road destined for the Western Paradise, the only danger in constantly, and the money, beautiful women, throne and other temptations is endless. the face of these dangerous and temptation, and its firm belief has not wavered. It is because of clear objectives and a firm belief in monk-led team to learn all the way through the clutter and Jiang Yao slayer, and finally reached west, made Scriptures and go. If there is no firm conviction, even though several of his disciples have another big skills, learn the task is not completed.
often encountered in real life such a thing, when a specific goal is established, we have to be blown away, and have secretly resolved to go a long way until the goal is not up to the trend, and in the implementation process of a problem but there are unexpected, everyone will want to quit. this time around The speech and the role of the environment and is huge, many times we have so shaken the faith, so the goal became elusive thing. This is the concrete expression of faith is not firm. run into this situation, As a team leader of the core team members will find ways to inspire the morale and enhance their courage to overcome difficulties. such examples in the , monk is rescued Taibaijinxing. Taibaijinxing leave in time to leave their four children and blow Song: After complaining about. will lose out below. In fact, this Taibaijinxing the modern enterprise managers to encourage a common method. If an employee assigned to perform a difficult job, often said: it! have everyone in the back support you. . This is the reason why the monk can be acknowledged by a few main disciples, but also a key factor in the success of the team.
in real life, we often use the reasons is the lack of changed to: to be completely abandoned, There is an old saying in China said a word. war have to be born, no war and withdrawal can only die. a successful winning team must first have a firm belief, that belief comes from every member of the team. Any member of a team in order to outstanding team, you have to put all this faith as a guide to action.
are in a good team, you have no choice but to strive to run! toward the distant goal, keep running! to target implementation, you have no reason to stop running!
6. wolf's death the night under
storm, leaving three wolf wolves foraging covered with thick snow trapped in the savannah. s The next day the storm stopped. three lost wolf began the difficult process of looking for wolves. They have to find wolves, or in which the frozen prairie, to the strength of their three wolves could not survive. In order to reduce physical exertion, but the three in a row, the lead is a very experienced wolf outdoor survival. The latter two younger wolves wolf footprints marching order to go forward. The weather was cold, the snow is very thick, they Each step is very difficult. Suddenly, the wolf fell down, his legs buried in the snow following a draw with the tip of a big hole in the stone, a lot of blood flow. It seems the wolf can not lead the way, a young wolf immediately walk in the first place, followed by the wolf, then the other young wolves. In this way, they nap with.
wolf finally can not hold on, severe pain made him unable to move out. We had to stop to discuss the contingency approach. the wolf is definitely not leave, that is contrary to the Wolf Road business. If the two young wolves carrying him away, it is estimated it difficult for them out of the ice and snow grassland. Finally, the wolf proposal, first put him here, so find two wolves and then the young wolves with wolves save him. We all think this is a good idea. Thus, two juvenile wolves the wolf was settled in the vicinity of a sunny, leeward of a small hill next to a boulder below, then embarked on their journey to find the wolves.
waiting is painful, started wolf has confidence, he believed that two young with wolves wolves will come and save him. may be after noon, still does not see the shadow of wolves, the wolf began to worry cold and hungry. He cried loudly, hoping the wolves can hear his voice. However, apart from the cold wind moans, but no other sounds to respond to him. Finally, his voice also called dumb, and never utter here. close the evening, the wind more, the days colder. wolf crouched on the There, two young mental cursing similar. he felt that they deceived him and left him. He seems to have seen the final outcome of their own, that is, even with starvation in the frozen ice and snow, and then ate it to Atlanta body. No, this is not the ultimate goal of a wolf, a wolf is not really be killed or starved to death. So he struggled to his feet, looked at the world one last look, and then exhausted body strength that step stone collision! rushed to the stone in his moment, he heard the distant howling of wolves, he knew the wolves come. could have irreversible outcomes, the wolf's head on a stone and knocked brains come apart. When the wolves come, the wolf the last vestiges of dead bodies just to disperse the heat.
wolf's death is tragic, and it is deplorable. tragedy never should have happened, he should believe his partner because They come from a good team. predicament occurs early, and their response was timely and effective their decisions are correct. they discharge the wolves usual one column to the best cooperation to reduce the consumption of physical strength. After injury in the wolf, the young wolf replaced his position immediately, and let him walk in the middle of three wolves, the purpose is to better protect him and help him. When he was unable to walk when he settled in the security place, the two young wolves to continue to look for wolves, and then come back to save his plan is feasible. But the most critical moment, the wolf lost the trust of partners, and ultimately lost their lives on snowy him.
In a good team, each member must be fully trust their partners, the only way we can pool our strengths together to form an invincible force. any member of the fighting together with their partners in the common suspicion and distrust, will greatly reduce the combat effectiveness of the team, so that the interests of the team and individuals suffer huge losses.
full trust among team members is the basis for close cooperation, and close cooperation is the basis for the formation of team spirit. Thus, mutual trust is essential to build a successful team, one of the conditions. have lost the basic conditions of mutual trust, to create a successful team is always possible.
success from the trust in!
7. monkey build a wall story
vocational skills competition held in the Kingdom of the forest, build a wall of three monkey game. contest rules are: first adobe used for the walls, and then add a layer of white on the outside wall of the mud to see who was faster and better base.
the race began.
first monkey think, anyway, to wipe out a layer of white mud, and which does not matter with no mud. so he did not use clay for adhesive materials to directly to the adobe base together, and then out of the mud, covered in white. adobe in the base when the center also collapsed twice, but finally finished.
second monkey think, anyway, the outside To wipe a layer of white mud, and which does not look good okay pretty. So he will adobe mud sticking together pieces �ݳ� the wall, did not consider the occlusion between the adobe and adobe, and then also cast a layer of outside white mud. in the base when the adobe, a collapse of the middle.
third monkey does not think the game started he methodically began his work. He first leveled the place to build a wall , and then began to go up adobe barrier layer by layer. In the process of build a wall, he not only used for bonding is very uniform impeccably adobe mud, but also pay great attention to adobe and adobe and the connection between the bite. wall base, he is also seriously out of the wall cast a layer of white mud.
about two hours later, three block walls look almost exactly the same as standing in front of everyone. three points monkey were In his work before, waiting for the judges judge. the jury by the fox, hare, and brought in water buffaloes from the composition of the forest outside. judges of the wall from the first monkey started, we first turn around the wall of a circle. Suddenly, the judges cow sneezed, the first monkey answered the walls collapsed. scared the fox quickly step aside to hide, do not accidentally hit the wall of the second monkey, the second monkey's a wall down, almost to the rabbit's foot was smashed. only three monkey Lower Dir barrier wall, the cow went to the wall in front of his strong body with a hard hit to the wall still standing there. It was natural that the third monkey won the championship.
Why look almost exactly the same as three-block walls, and some are hit do not hit back hard, and some gave a sneeze overthrown? The reason is that the internal structure of the wall different. In fact, in the enterprise management process, we often encounter a similar situation. we can put three walls were seen as three different types of teams.
monkey wall of the first team to represent only a collection of simple people, we have little relationship to each other, just being an external factor linked with a simple, hardly any among the members of the communication and collaboration. This team is not the slightest fighting , let alone what a team.
the walls of the second monkey, although the team on behalf of institutions and principles with a certain member of the team combined together, but the lack of effective team members and collaboration with , contact and cooperation between them is passive, and principles in a team system, achieved under forcing. This does not form a great team cohesion and competitiveness of the conditions, is unable to resist and withstand external shocks.
The third monkey team represented by the wall not only ensure the principles of team work to maintain the systems and the relationships between team members and team members through effective communication and close cooperation to stick together, forming a huge cohesion and competitiveness. In other words, the combination between them is like a chemical reaction, chemical reaction through which completely melted into one. but there are outside forces of a crash at any point to it when it is based on the overall the strength of response. This is exactly why the collision cow down the third wall is not the main reason. We usually call this condensation force is called the team together, team spirit, team spirit among team members from the trust, communication , collaboration, with ...
Monday, December 27, 2010
China's first generation, second generation and third generation real estate reform
From three generations of Chinese real estate reform since December 2009 a new round of real estate regulation, has a huge impact on the market. At present, both the second-hand house or , whether chain or a year, whether it is sold or the price, compared to 2009 can be said to have repeatedly appeared greenish yellow. But for the market changes, we have different opinions, some people thought it was just short of the the good old days of real estate about to in the past.
author's humble opinion, the current round of real estate regulation and the resulting change in the situation did not change in general, it marks a real reform of the Chinese real estate into the people's livelihood as a guide to housing new security-focused change process of the second generation.
from the planned economic system to the commercial sale of welfare housing distribution system, China has experienced the first generation of real estate reform. from the simple to the present commercial real increase social protection efforts, the real estate industry is entering a second generation of reforms. Looking to the future, if the land system is able to change the direction of the government of the people, the Chinese real estate will be the third generation of reforms.
I will review from a planned economy to a market economy, from to the parallel market safeguard the single market, to build on the land market and the government of the people of China on the basis of three generations of real estate reform.
the first generation of Reform: From welfare housing to the commercial sale of
planned economy, all the control hands of the Government, housing construction and distribution is no exception. . After the reforms, in September 1980 the Office of Beijing Municipal Housing Commission built the first listing, the establishment of the Beijing Municipal Development Corporation, opened a real estate development in the prelude to .1982, the State Council house sales in the four pilot cities In 1987 to 1991, China's real estate market In 1991 began the initial stage, the State Council has approved a total of 24 provinces and cities of the housing reform program, indicates that China began to have real estate, but the main room was mainly for export and domestic welfare housing distribution system has not been canceled. The so-called export house, it is the real estate industry generated in the process towards a market economy, a historical phenomenon, refers to the large number of houses purchased by the non-Chinese mainland.
more to the south of China's reform first . In the planned economy era is still a strong real estate in the south of this new thing as the first bud. but then the real estate market is still only spark meaningful market across the country far not been formed. welfare housing in the background , the real estate investment market products also appeared to be quite small, the early industrial development, supply and demand is extremely unreasonable false prosperity, has led to , the Chinese real estate into the winter, but also in the throes of the increasing awareness of the need for market-oriented way.
1993 年 to 1997, the real estate market entered a small adjustment period. During this period, industry has no strong recovery, but the market is increasingly clear direction for the future of China real estate market full of quick start savings ideological basis.
1998, the sudden become Asian financial crisis of the booster housing reform, reform of China's first generation of real estate The curtain went up .1998 on July 3, with the start, China's real estate industry was put on his 10 years of rapid development of road. The notice clearly stated objectives of the reform are: to stop the housing distribution in kind, the progressive introduction of housing system; the establishment and improvement of affordable housing based multi- level urban housing supply system; development of housing finance, foster and standardize the housing market. notice there are two points worth noting, first, new channels, that is completely broken in the original premise of welfare housing distribution system, building to commercial transactions new market-oriented housing construction and distribution system, and stressed that the system is based on affordable housing as the main body. The second is the focus on supporting reform, housing reform, financial reform at the same time start to add the concept of the development of housing finance. That year, the People's Bank of China Administration of individual housing loans issued expressly agreed in the purchase of not less than 30% of the total price of housing as a down payment to buy a house to inspire residents of the purchase, it is this provision greatly promote the formation of the Chinese real estate market, but also a few years later became the fuse lit the National real estate.
reform of China's achievements of the first generation of real estate is self-evident. From 1997-2007, China Housing The annual growth rate of real estate have reached almost the same period more than twice the GDP growth rate of .1997, after the deduction of land acquisition costs of real estate development and investment share of GDP was 3.9% in 2007 has increased to 10.3% on the proportion of urban fixed asset investment is 21.5%. real estate development has greatly stimulated the growth of the national economy. According to the authoritative department has calculated that the impact of housing construction on about 10% of GDP, that housing construction increased by 10 percentage points, will be able to drive GDP growth by 1 percentage point; every 100 housing construction funds invested, you can create a related industries 170-220 yuan needs; for every 100 yuan of housing sales may be driven from 130 to 150 yuan in the demand for other goods . By this calculation, about 20-30% of China's GDP growth is driven by the real estate industry, real estate, so deservedly become China's said that the Chinese economy to grow fast each year, played a decisive role in real estate.
gold as real estate development, China has withstood the greatest in human history, the impact of the wave of urbanization. When people like Chung waves into the city, the Chinese people not only failed to reduce the per capita living space, but the average annual increase of 1 square meters per capita in 1978 the number of square meters, 18 square meters per capita in 1993 to the current nearly 30 square meters per capita; China is not only not uncommon in some countries in history by the shanty towns, slums, but continue to rise a seat, modern city. This is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics Douglas. North in the complaints may be more, but there is no room to room, from Tongzilou to the garden house, the Chinese people really can live better and better.
second-generation reforms: house prices, and the uneven distribution of protection as the leading second-generation reforms
from the economic crisis, the aim of eliminating the first generation of China's real estate crisis from the beginning of reform with a strong Its purpose is to start with housing consumption to spur economic growth, the Government has not thought of, but not taken the initiative to take government in the housing sector must assume a public responsibility. As the bias caused by the Chinese real estate development.
first housing the first years of reform, the Government aims for growth, for the real estate macro control very loose. From 1999 to 2003, more than four years, the policy generally remain within the framework of a broad, basic self-regulation by the market , while the government initially set to affordable housing in the multi-level housing system in large real estate interests gradually been lured into the 8 years on, China's low-cost housing construction the total amount of funding only 70 billion, with annual demand for 50 billion of capital a far cry from the national total of low-cost housing Shiwupeizu down only 20 million. At present, guaranteeing 10 square meters and below the masses of families living close to four million low-income housing difficulties of the masses of national statistics about 10 million, meaning that more than 3,000 million people per capita housing area of 10 square meters or less. real estate in the end improve quality of life of the Chinese people, or are the people pushed to the cliff? in China has been divided on this issue, has been unable to reach consensus, the reform must be restarted.
gains across the board in the national property market overall situation, in 2003, on promoting the healthy development of the real estate market continued to notice commodity housing policy line kites, entered a rapid growth path.
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences under the Blue Book report, 1998-2003 national commodity price per square meter of housing increased by only 343 yuan. and to document the full implementation of the first 18 year 2004, one by one, the price per square meter the previous year jumped to 352 yuan. Pushing the prices of which also released in 2003 the central bank Ministry of Land Resources, Ministry of Supervision jointly issued the reduce the supply of real estate; the latter state-owned land use right to open the bidding, auction listing to sell the land the way and makes a substantial rise in prices is expected to form the whole of society, co-created the myth of price gains.
2003, when, price is about 4-5 times the average household income, more in line with the family can afford. But with rising property prices, house prices in some cities will soon break through the defense, even to the 14-15 times.
prices soaring, people sulked ultimately make beginning in 2005, the Government had to price stability as the starting point for policy formulation, has promulgated the notice, but unfortunately, due to control measures do not hit the nail on the head but the momentum of house prices worsen .2007 August, clearly the solution of the housing difficulties of low-income working families into the government public service functions. Since then, the protection of housing construction at all levels of government have put on the work plan and expenditure in arrangements.
2008, the Chinese economy suffered a global financial crisis impact experienced a less than The most difficult year for the economy has become China real estate the most crazy year, extremely strong property market in 2009, again contrary to all expectations. While China's economic success, the rise in the real estate bubble that became the target of the wheel is clearly not inclined to move on. And on the other hand, optimistic about the world economy in 2010, China's economic recovery was generally good (I judge it more compared with the mainstream view pessimistic), the recovery of the Chinese economy no longer bear the weight of soaring house prices. So, in late 2009, the Government began to implement to curb the real estate housing prices as the core of the intensive control, the key lies in the formal launch the second generation of the already identified housing reform, housing and security for both housing to meet the needs of different groups in particular social groups to appease the immediate underlying needs. general concern at home and abroad, the Government introduced the requirements rising too fast at the same time, before we see affordable housing policy is different from the the end of 2012, 15.4 million low-income housing to basically solve the housing problems of needy families, the equivalent of building housing on the basis of the Ministry of the original plan has doubled. Deputy Mayor in the 300 to Beijing meeting, the principal notified the city in 2010 after another supply of affordable housing programs In 2009 December 28, the Beijing Municipal Land Resources Bureau informed the development of the city's land bank in 2009 and the market supply of the scheduling situation and .2010 in 2010, Beijing will continue to increase in residential land in particular affordable housing land supply, the proposed area of supply of residential land will not be less than 2500 hectares, planned construction area of 3000 square meters and above, which will account for half of the area of affordable housing. If a large-scale affordable housing can be put in place, can be expected This will protect the interests of lower-middle class and of great significance to the stability of prices.
this point, the real estate direction of reform, in the decade left side line finally completed partial correction and return to the origin. transmigration re-start when , the difference is that house prices have been rare. At the same time, very clearly, the second generation of reforms does not negate the achievements of the first generation of reforms, but do not touch on a blank area of the first generation of reform the land system ---- , but in the second-generation reforms based on improved, the main purpose is to correct a simple one-sidedness of the commercialization of housing and instead start the housing security of the wheels, so that commercialization and protection of the wheel parallel to address needs of different sectors, in particular, appease low-income, calm public resentment. to say that China and even to some extent absorbed into the Singapore government is led housing supply model.
the third generation of reforms: a temporary solution but also to the Chinese economy has suffered permanent cure macro
control Real estate has long been a market full of policy, any policy will affect the real estate sign of trouble the healthy development of the property reform, a mix of opportunistic too many countries, therefore, regulation of real estate in the past will inevitably become a place on the chaos, a close to death to match supply and demand, in order to curb housing prices; on the other hand, the government will increase the land supply and accelerate the pace of housing development and sales, increase affordable housing efforts in order to enlarge the supply of the future to meet the market the huge demand. can be said that the government regulation on real estate in general graduated, the regulation of supply and demand balance is good ideas and measures, the second generation of real estate reform will achieve significant results. However, this approach still fails reach deep-seated problem of the land system, it can only play a role in stabilizing the real estate market, the prices fundamentally impossible to make more rational and, therefore, can not guarantee that the residents of China to live in larger, more comfortable and happy house. It's like Singapore, though the results of government-led indeed to the Home Ownership in Singapore's policy intention, but the Singaporeans living comfort and happiness is far from big countries in Europe and America can not be compared. In addition , because house prices are still high, will continue to increase the cost of farmers into the city, scholars such as Professor Paul paper estimated one million farmers therefore delay the potential employment opportunities can not become a reality, which effectively means the loss of efficiency. by the This can be seen, if confined to real estate development in Singapore land resources, the practice is a reasonable last resort, then the rich resources of the Chinese mainland, take the road of Singapore is really learning the wrong object. the second generation of reforms in China real estate should also continue to move forward, is to dig deep.
the long run, while maintaining a stable real estate, the most important thing is to cure mm can be predicted that China's real estate reform is the second generation should also be a breakthrough the limitations of reform, to the third generation of reforms, involving land reform bold.
a lot of people know that circulation before the reform, the share price is high because there is a Therefore, the supply has not let go. Once the implementation of the circulation, share prices plummeted. real estate also has a similar then as ; problem, the Government attitude is still the work of the State Council executive meeting stressed the ; prevail. But in reality, although the Government repeated demands, still not a total ban on the purchase of house property market enthusiasm. objectively to stabilize housing prices, the role of the city. There are statistics that Beijing is in the sales chart, a small property real estate accounting for about 18%. According to property rights theory: property rights are a set of rights, biodegradable ownership, use, possession, disposal rights and usufruct. Here, small property owners most of the property, the only missing part of the right of disposal, which is the transfer of rights. its price advantage is the lack of transfer of rights from the real estate market demand can be decomposed into Consumer demand and investment demand, small property can meet most of the objects of consumer demand, while investment demand is not met. As the price determined by supply and demand sides, thus stripping the investment needs of small property prices naturally more low, and its spread has also exposed the huge market of real estate speculation bubble.
present, China has 800 million farmers need to solve the employment and wealth issues. China, inexorable process of urbanization, so that farmers into the city, into the modern division of labor is the only way to get rich farmers. and lead farmers urban residents are not allowed now to buy house sites in rural areas, farmers or small residential property room, which leads to poor resource farmers this fact can not play any role in the economy. Therefore, the existing regulations and policies are mutually contradictory : not only to encourage farmers to venture, but also blocked the source of venture capital to farmers.
scholars (such as the Rural Development Institute Chinese Academy of Social researcher Dang Guoying) correctly pointed out that the is not uniform, does not meet the principles of market economy, the result is fair and benefits the two objectives are lost. of the solution small property, should seek to maintain a win-win pattern of interests. forced removal of the house property is do not meet this principle. put all the responsibility on to farmers or buyers, it is not objective. Therefore, the progressive realization of the large extent the realization of real estate in the market economy country roads, should be direct or indirect government of the people of the land, to ensure the normal circulation of the land. For example, the U.S. real estate market is well developed, sound system, all the land use with compensation in the policy to the extent permitted, land can be freely sold, leased or mortgaged. the government's management of private land mainly through registration fees and planning guidance. private land transactions completely private matter between the procedure is simple, after the two sides signed an agreement voluntarily, just to the Government provisions of the tax paid, the registration can be. the land sale price by the buyers and sellers based on the then estimated market value of the land, complete negotiations by the buyers and sellers, but also by the private valuation of the company to help the parties reach an agreement and complete the transaction. < br> Why do high prices in China? the most fundamental reason is that demand is excited at the same time, the government's monopoly on the supply of land caused by artificial effects of land hunger and panic effect, increasing the real estate market caused by speculation and supply and demand serious imbalance. the land system of non-market making China the so-called real estate name than in reality, the lack of basic property rights, as the person who does not wear pants. real estate reform to the point where today, a land of modern property rights system has become increasingly clear land should be an important direction of reform. Of course, this is a long way to go in the task, but it is clear that the direction is to establish clear property rights, and responsibilities clear and smooth circulation of the modern land ownership system. We know that land ownership in China has always been the most important issue, is so revolutionary period, the beginning of reform is so, it is also true. whether it is real estate reform, or reform the city, land ownership issues are unavoidable The.
solve the state-owned land to the government of the people from the direction of the mandatory conversion will be as , lack of housing land will not, so housing value system revaluation will make the real estate prices return to rational, crazy speculation and huge property bubble will be leveling off. Chinese people are expected to thoroughly improve the quality of life, At the same time greatly improving land use efficiency, and improve employment, accelerate the process of urbanization, economic growth in China to stimulate domestic demand access to new opportunities for reform of enormous benefit.
long-suffering real estate reform in China should then cross the river by feeling the stones are clearly different. We should have reason to believe that the Government will take effective measures, in the end the real estate reform, not only to achieve the ultimate delight in their homes. will be published in the
author's humble opinion, the current round of real estate regulation and the resulting change in the situation did not change in general, it marks a real reform of the Chinese real estate into the people's livelihood as a guide to housing new security-focused change process of the second generation.
from the planned economic system to the commercial sale of welfare housing distribution system, China has experienced the first generation of real estate reform. from the simple to the present commercial real increase social protection efforts, the real estate industry is entering a second generation of reforms. Looking to the future, if the land system is able to change the direction of the government of the people, the Chinese real estate will be the third generation of reforms.
I will review from a planned economy to a market economy, from to the parallel market safeguard the single market, to build on the land market and the government of the people of China on the basis of three generations of real estate reform.
the first generation of Reform: From welfare housing to the commercial sale of
planned economy, all the control hands of the Government, housing construction and distribution is no exception. . After the reforms, in September 1980 the Office of Beijing Municipal Housing Commission built the first listing, the establishment of the Beijing Municipal Development Corporation, opened a real estate development in the prelude to .1982, the State Council house sales in the four pilot cities In 1987 to 1991, China's real estate market In 1991 began the initial stage, the State Council has approved a total of 24 provinces and cities of the housing reform program, indicates that China began to have real estate, but the main room was mainly for export and domestic welfare housing distribution system has not been canceled. The so-called export house, it is the real estate industry generated in the process towards a market economy, a historical phenomenon, refers to the large number of houses purchased by the non-Chinese mainland.
more to the south of China's reform first . In the planned economy era is still a strong real estate in the south of this new thing as the first bud. but then the real estate market is still only spark meaningful market across the country far not been formed. welfare housing in the background , the real estate investment market products also appeared to be quite small, the early industrial development, supply and demand is extremely unreasonable false prosperity, has led to , the Chinese real estate into the winter, but also in the throes of the increasing awareness of the need for market-oriented way.
1993 年 to 1997, the real estate market entered a small adjustment period. During this period, industry has no strong recovery, but the market is increasingly clear direction for the future of China real estate market full of quick start savings ideological basis.
1998, the sudden become Asian financial crisis of the booster housing reform, reform of China's first generation of real estate The curtain went up .1998 on July 3, with the start, China's real estate industry was put on his 10 years of rapid development of road. The notice clearly stated objectives of the reform are: to stop the housing distribution in kind, the progressive introduction of housing system; the establishment and improvement of affordable housing based multi- level urban housing supply system; development of housing finance, foster and standardize the housing market. notice there are two points worth noting, first, new channels, that is completely broken in the original premise of welfare housing distribution system, building to commercial transactions new market-oriented housing construction and distribution system, and stressed that the system is based on affordable housing as the main body. The second is the focus on supporting reform, housing reform, financial reform at the same time start to add the concept of the development of housing finance. That year, the People's Bank of China Administration of individual housing loans issued expressly agreed in the purchase of not less than 30% of the total price of housing as a down payment to buy a house to inspire residents of the purchase, it is this provision greatly promote the formation of the Chinese real estate market, but also a few years later became the fuse lit the National real estate.
reform of China's achievements of the first generation of real estate is self-evident. From 1997-2007, China Housing The annual growth rate of real estate have reached almost the same period more than twice the GDP growth rate of .1997, after the deduction of land acquisition costs of real estate development and investment share of GDP was 3.9% in 2007 has increased to 10.3% on the proportion of urban fixed asset investment is 21.5%. real estate development has greatly stimulated the growth of the national economy. According to the authoritative department has calculated that the impact of housing construction on about 10% of GDP, that housing construction increased by 10 percentage points, will be able to drive GDP growth by 1 percentage point; every 100 housing construction funds invested, you can create a related industries 170-220 yuan needs; for every 100 yuan of housing sales may be driven from 130 to 150 yuan in the demand for other goods . By this calculation, about 20-30% of China's GDP growth is driven by the real estate industry, real estate, so deservedly become China's said that the Chinese economy to grow fast each year, played a decisive role in real estate.
gold as real estate development, China has withstood the greatest in human history, the impact of the wave of urbanization. When people like Chung waves into the city, the Chinese people not only failed to reduce the per capita living space, but the average annual increase of 1 square meters per capita in 1978 the number of square meters, 18 square meters per capita in 1993 to the current nearly 30 square meters per capita; China is not only not uncommon in some countries in history by the shanty towns, slums, but continue to rise a seat, modern city. This is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics Douglas. North in the complaints may be more, but there is no room to room, from Tongzilou to the garden house, the Chinese people really can live better and better.
second-generation reforms: house prices, and the uneven distribution of protection as the leading second-generation reforms
from the economic crisis, the aim of eliminating the first generation of China's real estate crisis from the beginning of reform with a strong Its purpose is to start with housing consumption to spur economic growth, the Government has not thought of, but not taken the initiative to take government in the housing sector must assume a public responsibility. As the bias caused by the Chinese real estate development.
first housing the first years of reform, the Government aims for growth, for the real estate macro control very loose. From 1999 to 2003, more than four years, the policy generally remain within the framework of a broad, basic self-regulation by the market , while the government initially set to affordable housing in the multi-level housing system in large real estate interests gradually been lured into the 8 years on, China's low-cost housing construction the total amount of funding only 70 billion, with annual demand for 50 billion of capital a far cry from the national total of low-cost housing Shiwupeizu down only 20 million. At present, guaranteeing 10 square meters and below the masses of families living close to four million low-income housing difficulties of the masses of national statistics about 10 million, meaning that more than 3,000 million people per capita housing area of 10 square meters or less. real estate in the end improve quality of life of the Chinese people, or are the people pushed to the cliff? in China has been divided on this issue, has been unable to reach consensus, the reform must be restarted.
gains across the board in the national property market overall situation, in 2003, on promoting the healthy development of the real estate market continued to notice commodity housing policy line kites, entered a rapid growth path.
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences under the Blue Book report, 1998-2003 national commodity price per square meter of housing increased by only 343 yuan. and to document the full implementation of the first 18 year 2004, one by one, the price per square meter the previous year jumped to 352 yuan. Pushing the prices of which also released in 2003 the central bank Ministry of Land Resources, Ministry of Supervision jointly issued the reduce the supply of real estate; the latter state-owned land use right to open the bidding, auction listing to sell the land the way and makes a substantial rise in prices is expected to form the whole of society, co-created the myth of price gains.
2003, when, price is about 4-5 times the average household income, more in line with the family can afford. But with rising property prices, house prices in some cities will soon break through the defense, even to the 14-15 times.
prices soaring, people sulked ultimately make beginning in 2005, the Government had to price stability as the starting point for policy formulation, has promulgated the notice, but unfortunately, due to control measures do not hit the nail on the head but the momentum of house prices worsen .2007 August, clearly the solution of the housing difficulties of low-income working families into the government public service functions. Since then, the protection of housing construction at all levels of government have put on the work plan and expenditure in arrangements.
2008, the Chinese economy suffered a global financial crisis impact experienced a less than The most difficult year for the economy has become China real estate the most crazy year, extremely strong property market in 2009, again contrary to all expectations. While China's economic success, the rise in the real estate bubble that became the target of the wheel is clearly not inclined to move on. And on the other hand, optimistic about the world economy in 2010, China's economic recovery was generally good (I judge it more compared with the mainstream view pessimistic), the recovery of the Chinese economy no longer bear the weight of soaring house prices. So, in late 2009, the Government began to implement to curb the real estate housing prices as the core of the intensive control, the key lies in the formal launch the second generation of the already identified housing reform, housing and security for both housing to meet the needs of different groups in particular social groups to appease the immediate underlying needs. general concern at home and abroad, the Government introduced the requirements rising too fast at the same time, before we see affordable housing policy is different from the the end of 2012, 15.4 million low-income housing to basically solve the housing problems of needy families, the equivalent of building housing on the basis of the Ministry of the original plan has doubled. Deputy Mayor in the 300 to Beijing meeting, the principal notified the city in 2010 after another supply of affordable housing programs In 2009 December 28, the Beijing Municipal Land Resources Bureau informed the development of the city's land bank in 2009 and the market supply of the scheduling situation and .2010 in 2010, Beijing will continue to increase in residential land in particular affordable housing land supply, the proposed area of supply of residential land will not be less than 2500 hectares, planned construction area of 3000 square meters and above, which will account for half of the area of affordable housing. If a large-scale affordable housing can be put in place, can be expected This will protect the interests of lower-middle class and of great significance to the stability of prices.
this point, the real estate direction of reform, in the decade left side line finally completed partial correction and return to the origin. transmigration re-start when , the difference is that house prices have been rare. At the same time, very clearly, the second generation of reforms does not negate the achievements of the first generation of reforms, but do not touch on a blank area of the first generation of reform the land system ---- , but in the second-generation reforms based on improved, the main purpose is to correct a simple one-sidedness of the commercialization of housing and instead start the housing security of the wheels, so that commercialization and protection of the wheel parallel to address needs of different sectors, in particular, appease low-income, calm public resentment. to say that China and even to some extent absorbed into the Singapore government is led housing supply model.
the third generation of reforms: a temporary solution but also to the Chinese economy has suffered permanent cure macro
control Real estate has long been a market full of policy, any policy will affect the real estate sign of trouble the healthy development of the property reform, a mix of opportunistic too many countries, therefore, regulation of real estate in the past will inevitably become a place on the chaos, a close to death to match supply and demand, in order to curb housing prices; on the other hand, the government will increase the land supply and accelerate the pace of housing development and sales, increase affordable housing efforts in order to enlarge the supply of the future to meet the market the huge demand. can be said that the government regulation on real estate in general graduated, the regulation of supply and demand balance is good ideas and measures, the second generation of real estate reform will achieve significant results. However, this approach still fails reach deep-seated problem of the land system, it can only play a role in stabilizing the real estate market, the prices fundamentally impossible to make more rational and, therefore, can not guarantee that the residents of China to live in larger, more comfortable and happy house. It's like Singapore, though the results of government-led indeed to the Home Ownership in Singapore's policy intention, but the Singaporeans living comfort and happiness is far from big countries in Europe and America can not be compared. In addition , because house prices are still high, will continue to increase the cost of farmers into the city, scholars such as Professor Paul paper estimated one million farmers therefore delay the potential employment opportunities can not become a reality, which effectively means the loss of efficiency. by the This can be seen, if confined to real estate development in Singapore land resources, the practice is a reasonable last resort, then the rich resources of the Chinese mainland, take the road of Singapore is really learning the wrong object. the second generation of reforms in China real estate should also continue to move forward, is to dig deep.
the long run, while maintaining a stable real estate, the most important thing is to cure mm can be predicted that China's real estate reform is the second generation should also be a breakthrough the limitations of reform, to the third generation of reforms, involving land reform bold.
a lot of people know that circulation before the reform, the share price is high because there is a Therefore, the supply has not let go. Once the implementation of the circulation, share prices plummeted. real estate also has a similar then as ; problem, the Government attitude is still the work of the State Council executive meeting stressed the ; prevail. But in reality, although the Government repeated demands, still not a total ban on the purchase of house property market enthusiasm. objectively to stabilize housing prices, the role of the city. There are statistics that Beijing is in the sales chart, a small property real estate accounting for about 18%. According to property rights theory: property rights are a set of rights, biodegradable ownership, use, possession, disposal rights and usufruct. Here, small property owners most of the property, the only missing part of the right of disposal, which is the transfer of rights. its price advantage is the lack of transfer of rights from the real estate market demand can be decomposed into Consumer demand and investment demand, small property can meet most of the objects of consumer demand, while investment demand is not met. As the price determined by supply and demand sides, thus stripping the investment needs of small property prices naturally more low, and its spread has also exposed the huge market of real estate speculation bubble.
present, China has 800 million farmers need to solve the employment and wealth issues. China, inexorable process of urbanization, so that farmers into the city, into the modern division of labor is the only way to get rich farmers. and lead farmers urban residents are not allowed now to buy house sites in rural areas, farmers or small residential property room, which leads to poor resource farmers this fact can not play any role in the economy. Therefore, the existing regulations and policies are mutually contradictory : not only to encourage farmers to venture, but also blocked the source of venture capital to farmers.
scholars (such as the Rural Development Institute Chinese Academy of Social researcher Dang Guoying) correctly pointed out that the is not uniform, does not meet the principles of market economy, the result is fair and benefits the two objectives are lost. of the solution small property, should seek to maintain a win-win pattern of interests. forced removal of the house property is do not meet this principle. put all the responsibility on to farmers or buyers, it is not objective. Therefore, the progressive realization of the large extent the realization of real estate in the market economy country roads, should be direct or indirect government of the people of the land, to ensure the normal circulation of the land. For example, the U.S. real estate market is well developed, sound system, all the land use with compensation in the policy to the extent permitted, land can be freely sold, leased or mortgaged. the government's management of private land mainly through registration fees and planning guidance. private land transactions completely private matter between the procedure is simple, after the two sides signed an agreement voluntarily, just to the Government provisions of the tax paid, the registration can be. the land sale price by the buyers and sellers based on the then estimated market value of the land, complete negotiations by the buyers and sellers, but also by the private valuation of the company to help the parties reach an agreement and complete the transaction. < br> Why do high prices in China? the most fundamental reason is that demand is excited at the same time, the government's monopoly on the supply of land caused by artificial effects of land hunger and panic effect, increasing the real estate market caused by speculation and supply and demand serious imbalance. the land system of non-market making China the so-called real estate name than in reality, the lack of basic property rights, as the person who does not wear pants. real estate reform to the point where today, a land of modern property rights system has become increasingly clear land should be an important direction of reform. Of course, this is a long way to go in the task, but it is clear that the direction is to establish clear property rights, and responsibilities clear and smooth circulation of the modern land ownership system. We know that land ownership in China has always been the most important issue, is so revolutionary period, the beginning of reform is so, it is also true. whether it is real estate reform, or reform the city, land ownership issues are unavoidable The.
solve the state-owned land to the government of the people from the direction of the mandatory conversion will be as , lack of housing land will not, so housing value system revaluation will make the real estate prices return to rational, crazy speculation and huge property bubble will be leveling off. Chinese people are expected to thoroughly improve the quality of life, At the same time greatly improving land use efficiency, and improve employment, accelerate the process of urbanization, economic growth in China to stimulate domestic demand access to new opportunities for reform of enormous benefit.
long-suffering real estate reform in China should then cross the river by feeling the stones are clearly different. We should have reason to believe that the Government will take effective measures, in the end the real estate reform, not only to achieve the ultimate delight in their homes. will be published in the
Sunday, December 26, 2010
The sun than the technical beauty of the Olympic Games but also
Du
projects: Shooting
Nationality: Chinese
Du Li is one of those ever more engaging and character to the carving of natural beauty, but there is a traditional Chinese aesthetics with excellent agreement with the demure and reserved temperament. and the vast majority of shooting meter athletes, Du Li won the 2004 Athens Olympic Games in the Chinese delegation, before the first gold medal , has been buried in obscurity and being boring and monotonous training, after which unlike most star fame as exposed, is still showing a very calm and low key Chongrubujing, it is probably not really have too many Du Li is the reason a lot of sports fans love.
Sharapova
item: Tennis
Nationality: Russian
Maria Sharapova on the tennis court is not only women's tennis star and currently the most box-office power players, but also advertising and fashion darling baby sessions .2004 Wimbledon overnight success, the famous bit popular baby appearance.
advertisers is sought after for her increase, advertising revenues last year reached 3,000 million U.S. dollars already Sharapova doing my part to become the women's tennis the largest number of commercial endorsements, advertising one of the highest income. Recently, the U.S. Sport: Table Tennis
Nationality: Japan
She has a beautiful innocent little angel baby face, always seen girls that have only unsophisticated innocence and smile. She has a natural movement to the age of 15 will have become the hottest women's team table tennis star, has also become popular throughout the country a favorite baby. she left home, came to China to play.
before the flash, this is affectionately known as the She also embroidered sportswear on both sides of the national flag of China and Japan, also raised his hand, br> Natalie - Women's swimming test Eveline is a versatile, in freestyle, backstroke and butterfly competitions have impressive strength. If not, bad luck, test Eveline harvest in the World Series had a laundry list of gold medal. She is the U.S. team in three Olympics in the next five medals won one of the female players, is also the first to swim the backstroke 1 minute mark players.
2002, the test Eveline in the World Cup Short Course Series race two days creating the three world records and has become the first and only one game in the middle reaches of the women's 100 meter backstroke 1 minute into the player. In the same year, Eveline test match in the U.S. demonstrated its versatile talents , at 100 meters, 200 meters freestyle, 100 m, 200 m backstroke and 100 meter butterfly race won 5 gold medals.
Guo Jingjing
projects: Diving
Nationality: Chinese
the age of reason Guo Jingjing is the most female athletes who have the star qualities. diving prince Tian Liang year she co-write with a have been a sports media and entertainment focus of media attention, Guo Jingjing has become popular across the two major sports and entertainment media amphibious star. Guo Jingjing from the looks point of view is typical of northern girl, atmospheric stretch, features cool and bright, no manners many actresses and Jiaodia usual contrived.
Kabayeva
projects: Rhythmic Gymnastics
Nationality: Russian
1998-coming year Kabayeva year, she won first European Championship title, then swept in the Goodwill Games, almost all opponents, winning five gold medals in the four fast. She had the flexibility and smile captured the hearts of all men the same reputation. love reading, love to watch figure skating and tennis events .
Kabayeva beauty is not only in the arena, she is a life and career are filled with happy sunshine girl. youth, beauty, wisdom, and love the gold medal, she has a very young age. < br> Kabayeva a media selection of beautiful women in Russia, more than Kournikova, was elected as Russia's top sexy athletes. Kabayeva of the vote as high as 29% to 6% higher than Kournikova, while more than known as Laughter is a lovable girl. from the track to change practice because of snow fencing, Tan knight fell in love with Zorro and love of the sport; and her training with the national team's Wang Haibin long is her idol ; timid, she is actually home reared three big dogs, especially like to see Ghost hh
Zorro is believed to be the idol of many people, his elegant black, his cool like his sword, but Who would not think this was the reason for sword fell in love with Tan Xue. After seeing , it is very interesting practice.
Zhao Ruirui
projects: Volleyball
Nationality: Chinese
Zhao Ruirui is the first ever and even the height of the Asian Women's Volleyball, but also admit the few athletes like to be called types, happy in a little shy, but also come to know things are not always with a little innocence and ignorant, a cute girl next door, and amiable, very likable .2008 Zhao Ruirui Beijing Olympic Games will be an important career in sports opportunities and challenges.
Jenny
projects: Softball
Nationality: United States
her movement is engaged in softball. Jane - Finch very beautiful, and she often and Hollywood actress sex scandal occurred. There is not Jane magazine will be less boring - Finch is a softball game than for the ; In addition to softball, Jenny - Finch also like many other items. with the words of the American media, is Jenny - Finch's interest is very extensive. In the current U.S. delegation, Jenny - Finch can be said that one of the most beautiful . the famous is the most popular team, the vast majority of spectators is Jenny - Finch.
Jiang Tingting Jiang Wenwen
projects: Synchronized Swimming
Nationality: Chinese
the twins age from 9 practice synchronized swimming, had a habit of acting and dancing they were soon found to have potential coaches. They love to spend paper describes the experience of travel.
and Jiang Tingting Jiang Wenwen Tall long, looks charming, young women sing and dance like in the expression is also quite good, of course, they still do not have a people amazing talent , Li Wen said with a smile,
projects: Shooting
Nationality: Chinese
Du Li is one of those ever more engaging and character to the carving of natural beauty, but there is a traditional Chinese aesthetics with excellent agreement with the demure and reserved temperament. and the vast majority of shooting meter athletes, Du Li won the 2004 Athens Olympic Games in the Chinese delegation, before the first gold medal , has been buried in obscurity and being boring and monotonous training, after which unlike most star fame as exposed, is still showing a very calm and low key Chongrubujing, it is probably not really have too many Du Li is the reason a lot of sports fans love.
Sharapova
item: Tennis
Nationality: Russian
Maria Sharapova on the tennis court is not only women's tennis star and currently the most box-office power players, but also advertising and fashion darling baby sessions .2004 Wimbledon overnight success, the famous bit popular baby appearance.
advertisers is sought after for her increase, advertising revenues last year reached 3,000 million U.S. dollars already Sharapova doing my part to become the women's tennis the largest number of commercial endorsements, advertising one of the highest income. Recently, the U.S. Sport: Table Tennis
Nationality: Japan
She has a beautiful innocent little angel baby face, always seen girls that have only unsophisticated innocence and smile. She has a natural movement to the age of 15 will have become the hottest women's team table tennis star, has also become popular throughout the country a favorite baby. she left home, came to China to play.
before the flash, this is affectionately known as the She also embroidered sportswear on both sides of the national flag of China and Japan, also raised his hand, br> Natalie - Women's swimming test Eveline is a versatile, in freestyle, backstroke and butterfly competitions have impressive strength. If not, bad luck, test Eveline harvest in the World Series had a laundry list of gold medal. She is the U.S. team in three Olympics in the next five medals won one of the female players, is also the first to swim the backstroke 1 minute mark players.
2002, the test Eveline in the World Cup Short Course Series race two days creating the three world records and has become the first and only one game in the middle reaches of the women's 100 meter backstroke 1 minute into the player. In the same year, Eveline test match in the U.S. demonstrated its versatile talents , at 100 meters, 200 meters freestyle, 100 m, 200 m backstroke and 100 meter butterfly race won 5 gold medals.
Guo Jingjing
projects: Diving
Nationality: Chinese
the age of reason Guo Jingjing is the most female athletes who have the star qualities. diving prince Tian Liang year she co-write with a have been a sports media and entertainment focus of media attention, Guo Jingjing has become popular across the two major sports and entertainment media amphibious star. Guo Jingjing from the looks point of view is typical of northern girl, atmospheric stretch, features cool and bright, no manners many actresses and Jiaodia usual contrived.
Kabayeva
projects: Rhythmic Gymnastics
Nationality: Russian
1998-coming year Kabayeva year, she won first European Championship title, then swept in the Goodwill Games, almost all opponents, winning five gold medals in the four fast. She had the flexibility and smile captured the hearts of all men the same reputation. love reading, love to watch figure skating and tennis events .
Kabayeva beauty is not only in the arena, she is a life and career are filled with happy sunshine girl. youth, beauty, wisdom, and love the gold medal, she has a very young age. < br> Kabayeva a media selection of beautiful women in Russia, more than Kournikova, was elected as Russia's top sexy athletes. Kabayeva of the vote as high as 29% to 6% higher than Kournikova, while more than known as Laughter is a lovable girl. from the track to change practice because of snow fencing, Tan knight fell in love with Zorro and love of the sport; and her training with the national team's Wang Haibin long is her idol ; timid, she is actually home reared three big dogs, especially like to see Ghost hh
Zorro is believed to be the idol of many people, his elegant black, his cool like his sword, but Who would not think this was the reason for sword fell in love with Tan Xue. After seeing , it is very interesting practice.
Zhao Ruirui
projects: Volleyball
Nationality: Chinese
Zhao Ruirui is the first ever and even the height of the Asian Women's Volleyball, but also admit the few athletes like to be called types, happy in a little shy, but also come to know things are not always with a little innocence and ignorant, a cute girl next door, and amiable, very likable .2008 Zhao Ruirui Beijing Olympic Games will be an important career in sports opportunities and challenges.
Jenny
projects: Softball
Nationality: United States
her movement is engaged in softball. Jane - Finch very beautiful, and she often and Hollywood actress sex scandal occurred. There is not Jane magazine will be less boring - Finch is a softball game than for the ; In addition to softball, Jenny - Finch also like many other items. with the words of the American media, is Jenny - Finch's interest is very extensive. In the current U.S. delegation, Jenny - Finch can be said that one of the most beautiful . the famous is the most popular team, the vast majority of spectators is Jenny - Finch.
Jiang Tingting Jiang Wenwen
projects: Synchronized Swimming
Nationality: Chinese
the twins age from 9 practice synchronized swimming, had a habit of acting and dancing they were soon found to have potential coaches. They love to spend paper describes the experience of travel.
and Jiang Tingting Jiang Wenwen Tall long, looks charming, young women sing and dance like in the expression is also quite good, of course, they still do not have a people amazing talent , Li Wen said with a smile,
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
No wine tonight, I will still drunk ... ...
Sometimes, even no matter how well will have been eliminated, and then would lose the opportunity to work hard enough, it seems that fate can not be demanded of all, this is not deliberately make fun of people? Yes, God also will be a joke, I know, but who are unwilling to place themselves, is not it? well, to allow others to make mistakes, so no wine tonight, I will still drunk ... ...
Yes, everything has been irretrievably lost, all is not to change , and all have become a reality. That being the case, I really would like to quickly forget the kind of heartache, however, is not so simple to too sudden to go away is not easy. Well, everything on the quiet behind, so that their silent through this long night, coming to a new dawn can all start.
I know, no wine, tonight I'm still drunk, do not you?
not because of, the feelings of that night too complicated, no good reason, but too much frustration for me mentally exhausted and unable to stop. Each time, you always see when there is hope at the moment is gone, so I had to give up a lot. Why is always the case? Although, everything is not very disappointing, but if not forever fight, it is easy to dream of it not broken up?
Yes, everything has been irretrievably lost, all is not to change , and all have become a reality. That being the case, I really would like to quickly forget the kind of heartache, however, is not so simple to too sudden to go away is not easy. Well, everything on the quiet behind, so that their silent through this long night, coming to a new dawn can all start.
I know, no wine, tonight I'm still drunk, do not you?
not because of, the feelings of that night too complicated, no good reason, but too much frustration for me mentally exhausted and unable to stop. Each time, you always see when there is hope at the moment is gone, so I had to give up a lot. Why is always the case? Although, everything is not very disappointing, but if not forever fight, it is easy to dream of it not broken up?
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Ding Xueliang America's best college admissions system - the experience of students taught at Harvard University ...
Professor Ding Xueliang full text of CEMA Lecture: America's Best Colleges mm admissions system, students taught at Harvard University on the impact of the experience of China's economic and management
b Institute of Economics and Finance Seminar Series
America's best universities enrollment system
mm experience of students taught at Harvard University
full text of the Central University of Finance and Record
Economic and Management Institute of China invited the Ministry of Social Science, Hong Kong, Professor, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Fund Council Senior Fellow, Central University of Finance and Management Institute of the Chinese economy doctoral supervisor Professor Ding Xueliang on October 15, 2007 at the Central University of Finance gave a entitled of Professor Ding Xueliang, such as the following without my permission, no person may not be used publicly, published or reproduced.
Moderator: Teachers, Students, Good evening! Today we are honored to have Professor Hong Kong University of Social Division Professor Ding Xueliang, for everyone entitled He is the master of the famous sociological thought Daniel. Bell's close disciples, and now as a professor at the Faculty of Hong Kong University of society, is Senior Fellow Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Foundation. Mr. Ding Xueliang is the world's politics, and the Chinese economy research in the field of professors with international influence, including the transformation of social research, development and corruption, social development and change, and university system. Mr. Ding Xueliang of the research university system is very thorough, very concerned about the reform of Chinese universities, but very concerned including the development of the Central University of Finance and Management Institute of China's economic development. Many of the students are not unfamiliar to the Ding, who in May last year, when, for everyone to learn how to do lectures in contemporary society, that talk so that everyone is rewarding. Ding to tell you today is the U.S. admission system, which is also very enlightening topic. hope you take full advantage of this opportunity at the end of the seminar to present their issues and the full exchange of Ding. Here We warmly applauded teachers for everyone to do the small talk!
Ding Xueliang: Thank you for this evening, after class is very hard to come later. Wang teacher introduced me, I in May last year, a report done in your school, how study of contemporary social science. I was doing an adequate psychological preparation. I say this content with a lot of people learned not heard before, like, some will be refuted refuted. It is almost a year and a half, if click the Internet will find that, over the past three years, I was in college to do presentations, when I do in your school report, is the mass of one of the most widely used two, this is very easy. Some people do not agree In my opinion, but still feel that my questions and concepts, I proposed the idea of modern social science is still on the domestic undergraduate and graduate students have some inspiration.
this evening I told everyone about the content, in a sense a speech on the extension of an extension is in two levels. The first level, in the past years, from 2001 to now nearly six years, and I do most in the country's academic report or a professional report and national universities are related to the reform and development. This is a higher education. I tell you honestly, I did not explore this issue from the educational point of view. I tell you today the contents, nor is the significance of a purely educational with You explore this issue. I told a bunch of our colleagues, who some in the Hong Kong University, as well as in the United States, Canada, and the few other countries and regions in Asia and the Pacific, in Australia, Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan We are doing regional competition. I have two words about the regional, such as we speak, Xicheng, Dongcheng District, is District; I say large regions like China, north, east, southeast, northwest, and even the Asia-Pacific region, is Area. our research project is a big competition between regions. Our team was inside the school of economic geography, demography, some people learn, some people learn economics, some people sociology, political science and some people science, also urban development planning at school. Our research up to now into its second year. I have spoken, I am most concerned about the university system, because this is my own belief, is also part of the scholars of the faith. into two the early eleventh century, to measure a region, a country of a large range of, say, a social area, the state has no long-term potential for competition, can in the middle is at the forefront of international competition, some of my colleagues and I determined not Move to believe, not on the other, is determined by a series of previously considered to be the second most important factor. What is the second most important factor? we first talk about is the first important factor.
before the usual ideas, talk about a country's competitiveness, we are concerned about this society in this country it has natural resources such as minerals, iron, steel, these very important factor. into the twenty-first century, these elements are still important, but more important is invisible elements, including the country's higher education system. a national higher education system is a very important national long-term competitiveness of the engine, there are several other important engines, but higher education is an important part of the engine. I consider higher education, I consider the competitiveness of the University, the University system, from the perspective of national and regional competitiveness.
do today, I give you the contents of the report, is a study in American universities as a part of. I just Several universities come from the eastern United States, I did not go to a university for many years and then a university access. This is not easy, because I fear flying, I thought it behind, a heart on the Ta plane. I take the time each Aircraft pain for several days, after landing to the pain for several days. This time I sat in earnest air, and no one way to slip away. I ran the eastern United States, and bring my attention to several universities to see a little, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, studied the first female secretary of state in American history graduate of the college, Wellesley College. I had to talk, want to come back to my personal experience and study the contents of the back, to share with you.
Here I am talking about the content, most of this time I went to examine the experience and observation, and some of their own reflection. I first talked to your school, I was holding the same aim, of course, do not want to do a report on all against it, after all the bad against the second may be all agree that this is a bother, do not give them new information at any point, speaking of them have accepted. I speak today, the content do not expect everyone agree with me, my intention is to put them all together to discuss the contents out. As I just mentioned, I discussed the point of view is not unconscious, but not to teach you to write applications for the report, it is not our purpose, although you may be helpful. or from the competition, talent, a society from a country, a generation how we can get more creative this point to talk about this issue.
Chinese no distinction between singular and plural I want to say that several universities, Universities, into the United States if the Chinese title of the best universities are so unlike the Chinese. I hope today we will not talk about the contents of the misunderstanding, I think one love school, love you The Department of college love you, love your community, love your home, love your nation, the most important thing is to keep a clear head, to keep criticism, criticism is intended to make it better.
I tell you a simple truth that if a little about the history of higher education in China, Ye Hao, whether teachers, students Ye Hao, Ye Hao leaders or journalists, we will not forget this year, is reopening in October 30th anniversary of the system, just in October 1977, China resumed the college entrance examination system. Many people do not know this child, because in October 1977, the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 from the college entrance examination system was formally abolished the recovery, This is the role of the development of the Chinese nation can not imagine large enough. because a country's education system, not only for China, the role of the world are like. no matter how kind of national social systems, not just a national education system education, more importantly, the community has a great guide in turn. a national education system, how, in turn, will greatly affect, which spread in the community what purpose, what kind of spread of ideas, dissemination of what kind of approach, dissemination of what the value of .1977 in October, China resumed the college entrance examination system, not just how many people go to college was more important to change the values of Chinese society as a whole. a national education system to the entire community for students, parents, brothers and sisters of students, their relatives and neighbors, there is a holistic value of the orientation of the guide, this guide also includes misleading. From this perspective, from October 1977 mm for 30 years before mm since China resumed the college entrance examination system, and we see this phenomenon: the Chinese become more and more the basis of college entrance examination system, details of the more rigorous, more and more strict. This has caused a lot of complaints and criticism of society, the people here go back to ask your friends and parents, ask your neighbors and classmates, they are not you lucky, they are a mighty force in single time, since when sleep well, eat well rice, is to note on this complaint could be seen every day. every level of Chinese society, every family has this kind of thing, all the people here are not unfamiliar.
I have been in China since 2001 University of reform advocates, it is important part is to change the university admissions system, because the admissions system has a model, it is to establish a social framework that is square, for all young people under their parents of their friends, and even the young brother and sister, they want all development to all of life to conform to this framework, not violate them. I told the country people say, I think it should not be the case. but I should not speak for several years In this way, many people say you speak the truth, we have to understand, but you have not considered the practical problems in China, there are so many people want to go to university, colleges and universities in China, especially compared to so many good college, you how to do? If you do not have such a strict examination of the way, if you do not have such a recruitment approach, what do you do? also only this way, more just like screening personnel. I heard a lot of people do not agree with my advocacy of the university system reform. I began at once to be defeated, there are so many people grab a seat, what do you do? I suddenly defeated. But the next day woke up and found not the truth. I found to do more research, I The more there is no way agree very common knowledge in the domestic mm to change the huge difference between supply and demand, China should have such a recruitment system.
I read a message on March 31 this year, the British report, entitled The number is also increasing, acceptance rate this year, the best colleges, in the United States, the general decline of several percentage points. Harvard to 23,000 the number of applicants, acceptance rates is only 9%, Dartmouth College in 2006 and 16% acceptance rate, down to 15% in 2007, the University of Pennsylvania this year, the number of applications increased by 11% over 2006, the acceptance rate from 17% to 14%. I thought this problem, do not only China's key universities around the world who are asking too much in evidence, Is it only the good universities in China like this? America's best universities, best university in England, together with Japanese universities, they are outstanding young people around the world have the greatest appeal. but I am not a university in Japan to understand, but University of English speaking countries I know very well that they have very strict rules, they are the best universities, even if greatly increased the number of applicants each year, they do not casually enrollment. no leaders in this country closed last year, 9,000 people college application, apply for 15,000 people this year, so they Enrollment 3000.
me to read a data: the best American universities every year, enrollment in the past ten years, basically nothing changes. I know the more familiar several prestigious universities, enrollment in the past they ten to fifteen years, the growth and reduce the proportion of no more than 5%. such as Princeton University in the United States very, very good school to 6,000 the number of people, it is not enrollment. Some schools, California Institute of Technology campus before more than 2,000 people, it never enrollment. they are 1,600 undergraduate students each year, how many years are like this. There are so many people want to go to that school, which will give the school bring a lot of revenue. Princeton University's tuition fees, nine months forty-six thousand U.S. dollars, and does not include the family to buy textbooks for students, plus air fare. In the twenty best universities in the United States, an average of nine months of tuition fees is that these, as long as these schools want to make money, as long as the enrollment number plus a zero, they will make money. I was thinking of this problem, would the world do not know how these college students selected their own, only China prestigious universities in order to face such problems before with the Chinese approach to the screening exam people? Why do people not like you, I have been thinking about this problem. I think the problem started in 2001 up to now, every year trying to find Some help me solve the difficult problems. I think about the overall direction is clear, China's prestigious university admission system, in the past years, the whole of Chinese society to send out information, which in the whole of Chinese society, young people The framework is getting behind the talent, more and does not meet the requirements of our times, more innovation does not meet the country of China as a long-term development goals, more pain and misery to the family. I am not exaggerating . we have to discuss a problem, if prestigious universities around the world are huge differences between supply and demand, because this is a trend around the world, talk about The reason is simple, before many poor families can not send their children to college, and now they may change their thinking and likely to send their kids to college. In the past some families, three to five children can not go to college, and now the sharp contrast between supply and demand will only get larger, and not getting smaller. The United States is the world Higher Education in most developed countries, it did not take the Chinese approach to solve the supply and demand, this is what I am most worried about.
my next point is to look at several universities in the United States the best, I say Ma Institute of Technology, Stanford, the well known universities. You see how they do, and we have no reason to see it.
First of all, we need to get rid of a concept: only the importance of examination of Chinese higher education system, top universities in the United States not the importance of examination. the United States most of the school, in a little inferior to the Chinese, that collective training as China, which we have to admit it. What is group training? into China's schools, what kind of person you are, it does not matter you, so a lazy and learn to enter China's slightly better, he can not every day, lazy, and he do not want to do a lot of mm to the level of poor results raise a large portion of people, because people want to continue to training, and then lazy horse, stupid horse to go faster, this is the secondary school system. But the American school system is another point, it is precisely what we lack: its talented, motivated learning that the students leave space, do not know the education system in China is larger than the number. So we would say, the Chinese education system, if only just to train a large number of industrial factories army, which is the world's most effective system. certainly more effective than we Japan, they endorsed every day, but can be creative, which do not know. The American system can not pull up the poor people, it can not force you do not want to do this with the basic values of social standards. But it has other advantages, it gives consciously active, very creative, ideas and open people, leaving a high ceiling, how you jump will not have to play down China's education system will soon beat you down. admissions system designed along this line of thought over. America's best college enrollment system, is to provide high enough ceiling, high ceiling, people develop their own are not clear. because the United States higher education system is so multi-layered and multi-form, vertical multi-level, multi-form refers to the plane. so poor compared screening for these students, the University is not the best thing that they are good enough high school graduates in the United States to select the most promising they think. China's 2,000 years of misunderstanding, is not a measure of a young talent, the standard identification only point is that you can not test scores, and the way the examination system to the strange results that can can not remember the standard answer. This is very troublesome thing, only the standard of examination answers will be all the possibilities in this world have been sealed, are not able to open all the way. This examination system is based on where? The standard answer is determined by the older people, because they know the past, so they know the future? they have to decide your future, not let you have a second possibility. This is a great self-confidence! If a person knows all possibilities for the future is still alive doing? most people should commit suicide. This is equivalent to any one person to tell you, you do not do unnatural for the future. The reason why we live, is because they are there for the future different possibilities, we need to do a variety of efforts. Our traditional examination system that precisely is to tell you that there is only one standard answer, you do not take into account all the problems, as long as you do the only thing you have to try to remember that the standard answer.
If we look at America's best college admissions system, which constitutes a good few, the first one is the test, but not the kind of tests the Chinese people, previously the most widely used is the SAT. I'll SAT exam compared with the domestic. I've asked many people consider the biggest difference between where they are? asked a lot of people, they told me to write examinations in China, SAT exam test logical reasoning ability, ability to respond. The is so different! I speak specifically, if the SAT does not restrict the time, better high school graduates in China, most of the test can be very high points, the exam is these things. Finally, calculation of test scores, national test is the cumulative points, a correct answer to the fifth test is the probability NSAT, students around the world test SAT, you count the top few percent, always in a competition among you. There was the Chinese test very high scores, with the SAT exam very good, I am very impressed. such test to 2200 points or more, that you are the person in the world among high school graduates, you are the best 10%, this is glorious. you test to 2350 points more than high school graduates in the world you are, you are the best 5%. you can test 2400, high school graduates in the world, you are less than 1% of the top people. If only the top universities in the United States This approach to screening personnel, because the test has a chance. Liu Xiang is great, but each hurdle he could not say that all the world's first, unless the referee bought it. So I think test screening system design, what we learn Social Science people care about. examinations should test reasoning ability to respond.
Another Essay exam exam. several universities in the United States the best, they Essay examination method is divided into two kinds: one is the generic essay exam; essay questions asked were very universal. such as it is to you is very important to evaluate one of your own experience or achievement, or the risk is very important, not imagined, or if you have experienced, very important moral dilemma, said about the four Type in any kind of effect on you. Some people will make up, that I launched the war in Afghanistan. This is of course not, be based on facts, not nonsense, because the exam and there are other ways to find out whether you talk nonsense . Why did the four types of things are listed? your experience, experience is very plain things, like I am young, I'm only 18 years old, you always have the experience, what experience you can not say no. achievements have sizes, the risk some small, will always find a thing and then ask questions. general application to write Essay, there are several very good universities have different content. such as Stanford University's Essay technology-based IT . there is a well-known words: very appreciated, do you think of great value, or paintings of people you appreciate, do you think of great value, or draw it there are many places you love, you like. or painting the picture is Over the past life of a very important piece, so that you appreciate this picture, please tell me why this picture is so meaningful to you? If that second person to apply at Stanford University, there are three million people, taking only two Stanford University thousands of people. You want to get into the threshold, if you have no hope, you certainly will not apply. the average American has a probability of a statistical, the number of schools do not apply more than 7, otherwise it will waste your time. thirty thousand applications Stanford people, twenty thousand copies of the applications which best written? for the selection of the best, they will give you a space. you can not spread rumors, must be based on. The puzzle is difficult, if now I write and I write to.
also write essays, Princeton University, and is specifically written for the Princeton University. From a Quote to someone else's citation as a diving board, from this place jump out, as a primer, to tell them, starting from the quotation as a starting point, an event may tell you it does not matter, this event or the experience to help you determine their own values. Some people refer to Einstein, this sentence is : When the principal when the goals set for students is: years ago to write the lessons of Princeton University Princeton .2004 training has changed, says Princeton University's goal is enable students to comment on these two different motto. the third paragraph is a quote, cited the twentieth century's greatest American poet of the poem, she said, However, different people enjoy is not the same. For me and my friend is concerned, the greatest pleasure and enjoyment, than the fire in the wall next to the fire against nature, and we won the most beloved books, we read to yourself, but also read it to friends around to listen, this is for me the most happiness. it, the subject of this in advance you know, five or six years before a change, you also have to prepare.
Maybe you would say is wrong with Americans? wrong, I was a kid wanted to test Peking University, as a teacher in my hometown told me one thing, what stimulated me. twenties of the twentieth century, he said, recruited a student of Peking University, Department of History, Chinese literature to test a title for three consecutive years, on Qin Shi Huang. In the history of China, Qin Shi Huang's article about too much, Peking University in the early twentieth century, when, to tell you that next year is still the subject of examination on the Qin Shi Huang. copy is unsuccessful, the adults to write eight things and seventh old written by different people, you want to make up impossible. good university approval committee because for many years to do the job, ability to identify them well, although not one hundred percent effective, but can read most of who wrote it . because in the past twenty years, thirties, when Emperor Qin Dynasty, also called the respondent, the statement, the following are all sitting Hu, Chen these people, if not you write your own, then you will not answer. I have just talked about the reasoning ability test SAT, in addition to two short other than pure academic performance depends on not the same as with other aspects, including sports, art, which we all know.
I saw a report, Hunan a father, in order to let the children learn to swim, tied her hands and feet for her to practice swimming. Americans reported that This part is all up to now, I appreciated the most, the reason for that? America's best university training objectives, not the nerd culture. They need to train people? Harvard University, teaching objectives just by speaking, to nurture a know responsibility of the citizens. If you a good enough student, you read the four books here, you are resident here, you do what you do in this area, this is the first meaning of good citizenship. good citizens The second meaning is nationwide. you, as a Chinese citizen, you have done this country great social thing anything meaningful? you what did you live on a planet? Some might say that this goal is not too high? you are not speaking too nothing Piaomiao? I'll tell you nothing Piaomiao. precisely this point, the very good reader, who has the potential to dig out. because of the commitment and contribution to society, not have a fixed program. students from the middle of your life, find things to themselves, risking their own difficulties and risks do, in terms of young teens, he could think to do is a very great quality.
I repeat that story. I do teaching assistant at Harvard, there is a female student, the senior, she thought of the Three Gorges Project in China Three Gorges investigate the impact of immigration, it was in 1991, the Three Gorges project just long, not much country at the time people think. I asked her why she thought this, she said that the Three Gorges is the greatest water conservancy project, the project's impact on the environment and immigration I really want to know. I said it's hard, you poor Mandarin, talk about that place Sichuan, I went to could not understand, you better do not understand. the place to eat chili, no hot water bath, no email, can not contact my family, I say you can adapt to it? she thought, that need to think about. The next day she told me all think it over, or go to, called home called to say she was going. She wanted me to do two things, first, to allow her a lesson; second, can not recommend her for about funding. as to China, even if your house of money, it is the parents money, through their own money before looking for funding to prove that you have a skill. She said that funding for that, ah, ah Scholarships , do not take their parents money. Then she went on to Chongqing. spent a semester in that, she said, looking down a school I just understand most of the Sichuan dialect, just used to eating chili, I do not want to come back, I would also like to do a semester, can you support me, I said OK. I did not put this thing was about as children, eight years ago, there was an American law student, he told me inside the United States Congress there is one person in the world first-class environment, this person is a graduate of Harvard, but I still did not seriously children; Later I asked the name of my students know that she is! I do not talk nonsense, this matter to me a great education.
1992, a second girl, she had to drop out half a year, to go to camps in Thailand. the mid-nineties, when several thousand refugees in Thailand. I support her, and she also went the. came back like thin people look like, I asked her how? she said before I do not know about hardship, I do not know what the struggle, I do not know what suffering, I do not know what the dream, I What hope do not know, I know all to it. that place a lot of kids to live in fear, suffering all the things that human society, they tasted, but they still have hope that this turning point of my life unmatched, all they do not compare me to get along with kids. This is what 20 years ago, which is a commitment to society. She is not pre-think this thing is good for her? If you do not believe then you can take the risk, now you can go to Iraq to Afghanistan, and you can teach kids that you can go ah.
University of the United States there are very good in this part of the interview, the interview, there are two, one If you're kind of the most important centers in the U.S. city, the school will be responsible for sending people to interview; if you are not in the center, this interview is to serve our alumni. The role of the interview is to understand the written application of all transcripts no performance stuff. the best universities in the United States, and its admissions system has several important aspects, is very particular about the two essays, this gives you a lot of space, commitment to the community very seriously, but also attaches great importance to extracurricular expertise, the high cost of these aspects together, why should this cost, not to be judged according to papers? as an examination paper, only part of assessing the potential of a young man. Other parts, if there is no chance to be evaluated This makes it difficult. It sent out the information on the society as a whole, according to this framework to shape, will affect the number of young people, a generation after generation. higher education enrollment system, on the totality of a society is subtle , at least to affect three generations. This is the Chinese people years trees, monumental reason.
Now some high school graduates mm is not very common in the United States only a few mm before the family encountered these problems: they graduated from high school do not test into college, but want to do things that affect the community. This evening I wanted to come together with a white student, but he could not come to class. He graduated from high school in Washington is very good, with his test results can best universities in the United States. But he did not test, but a little out scholarship applications to China to study Chinese as a volunteer. during the day in the North Division of Chinese, other times when volunteers do not get a penny. was It was recommended to him, I do not want to receive him. Then they said all right, you do not have control of his life, and leave his salary, he has a scholarship, I said yes. He speaks Chinese are particularly good. I have realized that the best American college admissions system is not fixed, in such an educational system evolution, we see that life is learning, but learning life. outside the campus outside the classroom is also a form of learning, so life is very different from doing it. I am sincerely speaking with you, I am Chinese Youth ...
b Institute of Economics and Finance Seminar Series
America's best universities enrollment system
mm experience of students taught at Harvard University
full text of the Central University of Finance and Record
Economic and Management Institute of China invited the Ministry of Social Science, Hong Kong, Professor, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Fund Council Senior Fellow, Central University of Finance and Management Institute of the Chinese economy doctoral supervisor Professor Ding Xueliang on October 15, 2007 at the Central University of Finance gave a entitled of Professor Ding Xueliang, such as the following without my permission, no person may not be used publicly, published or reproduced.
Moderator: Teachers, Students, Good evening! Today we are honored to have Professor Hong Kong University of Social Division Professor Ding Xueliang, for everyone entitled He is the master of the famous sociological thought Daniel. Bell's close disciples, and now as a professor at the Faculty of Hong Kong University of society, is Senior Fellow Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Foundation. Mr. Ding Xueliang is the world's politics, and the Chinese economy research in the field of professors with international influence, including the transformation of social research, development and corruption, social development and change, and university system. Mr. Ding Xueliang of the research university system is very thorough, very concerned about the reform of Chinese universities, but very concerned including the development of the Central University of Finance and Management Institute of China's economic development. Many of the students are not unfamiliar to the Ding, who in May last year, when, for everyone to learn how to do lectures in contemporary society, that talk so that everyone is rewarding. Ding to tell you today is the U.S. admission system, which is also very enlightening topic. hope you take full advantage of this opportunity at the end of the seminar to present their issues and the full exchange of Ding. Here We warmly applauded teachers for everyone to do the small talk!
Ding Xueliang: Thank you for this evening, after class is very hard to come later. Wang teacher introduced me, I in May last year, a report done in your school, how study of contemporary social science. I was doing an adequate psychological preparation. I say this content with a lot of people learned not heard before, like, some will be refuted refuted. It is almost a year and a half, if click the Internet will find that, over the past three years, I was in college to do presentations, when I do in your school report, is the mass of one of the most widely used two, this is very easy. Some people do not agree In my opinion, but still feel that my questions and concepts, I proposed the idea of modern social science is still on the domestic undergraduate and graduate students have some inspiration.
this evening I told everyone about the content, in a sense a speech on the extension of an extension is in two levels. The first level, in the past years, from 2001 to now nearly six years, and I do most in the country's academic report or a professional report and national universities are related to the reform and development. This is a higher education. I tell you honestly, I did not explore this issue from the educational point of view. I tell you today the contents, nor is the significance of a purely educational with You explore this issue. I told a bunch of our colleagues, who some in the Hong Kong University, as well as in the United States, Canada, and the few other countries and regions in Asia and the Pacific, in Australia, Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan We are doing regional competition. I have two words about the regional, such as we speak, Xicheng, Dongcheng District, is District; I say large regions like China, north, east, southeast, northwest, and even the Asia-Pacific region, is Area. our research project is a big competition between regions. Our team was inside the school of economic geography, demography, some people learn, some people learn economics, some people sociology, political science and some people science, also urban development planning at school. Our research up to now into its second year. I have spoken, I am most concerned about the university system, because this is my own belief, is also part of the scholars of the faith. into two the early eleventh century, to measure a region, a country of a large range of, say, a social area, the state has no long-term potential for competition, can in the middle is at the forefront of international competition, some of my colleagues and I determined not Move to believe, not on the other, is determined by a series of previously considered to be the second most important factor. What is the second most important factor? we first talk about is the first important factor.
before the usual ideas, talk about a country's competitiveness, we are concerned about this society in this country it has natural resources such as minerals, iron, steel, these very important factor. into the twenty-first century, these elements are still important, but more important is invisible elements, including the country's higher education system. a national higher education system is a very important national long-term competitiveness of the engine, there are several other important engines, but higher education is an important part of the engine. I consider higher education, I consider the competitiveness of the University, the University system, from the perspective of national and regional competitiveness.
do today, I give you the contents of the report, is a study in American universities as a part of. I just Several universities come from the eastern United States, I did not go to a university for many years and then a university access. This is not easy, because I fear flying, I thought it behind, a heart on the Ta plane. I take the time each Aircraft pain for several days, after landing to the pain for several days. This time I sat in earnest air, and no one way to slip away. I ran the eastern United States, and bring my attention to several universities to see a little, including Harvard, Yale, Columbia, studied the first female secretary of state in American history graduate of the college, Wellesley College. I had to talk, want to come back to my personal experience and study the contents of the back, to share with you.
Here I am talking about the content, most of this time I went to examine the experience and observation, and some of their own reflection. I first talked to your school, I was holding the same aim, of course, do not want to do a report on all against it, after all the bad against the second may be all agree that this is a bother, do not give them new information at any point, speaking of them have accepted. I speak today, the content do not expect everyone agree with me, my intention is to put them all together to discuss the contents out. As I just mentioned, I discussed the point of view is not unconscious, but not to teach you to write applications for the report, it is not our purpose, although you may be helpful. or from the competition, talent, a society from a country, a generation how we can get more creative this point to talk about this issue.
Chinese no distinction between singular and plural I want to say that several universities, Universities, into the United States if the Chinese title of the best universities are so unlike the Chinese. I hope today we will not talk about the contents of the misunderstanding, I think one love school, love you The Department of college love you, love your community, love your home, love your nation, the most important thing is to keep a clear head, to keep criticism, criticism is intended to make it better.
I tell you a simple truth that if a little about the history of higher education in China, Ye Hao, whether teachers, students Ye Hao, Ye Hao leaders or journalists, we will not forget this year, is reopening in October 30th anniversary of the system, just in October 1977, China resumed the college entrance examination system. Many people do not know this child, because in October 1977, the Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966 from the college entrance examination system was formally abolished the recovery, This is the role of the development of the Chinese nation can not imagine large enough. because a country's education system, not only for China, the role of the world are like. no matter how kind of national social systems, not just a national education system education, more importantly, the community has a great guide in turn. a national education system, how, in turn, will greatly affect, which spread in the community what purpose, what kind of spread of ideas, dissemination of what kind of approach, dissemination of what the value of .1977 in October, China resumed the college entrance examination system, not just how many people go to college was more important to change the values of Chinese society as a whole. a national education system to the entire community for students, parents, brothers and sisters of students, their relatives and neighbors, there is a holistic value of the orientation of the guide, this guide also includes misleading. From this perspective, from October 1977 mm for 30 years before mm since China resumed the college entrance examination system, and we see this phenomenon: the Chinese become more and more the basis of college entrance examination system, details of the more rigorous, more and more strict. This has caused a lot of complaints and criticism of society, the people here go back to ask your friends and parents, ask your neighbors and classmates, they are not you lucky, they are a mighty force in single time, since when sleep well, eat well rice, is to note on this complaint could be seen every day. every level of Chinese society, every family has this kind of thing, all the people here are not unfamiliar.
I have been in China since 2001 University of reform advocates, it is important part is to change the university admissions system, because the admissions system has a model, it is to establish a social framework that is square, for all young people under their parents of their friends, and even the young brother and sister, they want all development to all of life to conform to this framework, not violate them. I told the country people say, I think it should not be the case. but I should not speak for several years In this way, many people say you speak the truth, we have to understand, but you have not considered the practical problems in China, there are so many people want to go to university, colleges and universities in China, especially compared to so many good college, you how to do? If you do not have such a strict examination of the way, if you do not have such a recruitment approach, what do you do? also only this way, more just like screening personnel. I heard a lot of people do not agree with my advocacy of the university system reform. I began at once to be defeated, there are so many people grab a seat, what do you do? I suddenly defeated. But the next day woke up and found not the truth. I found to do more research, I The more there is no way agree very common knowledge in the domestic mm to change the huge difference between supply and demand, China should have such a recruitment system.
I read a message on March 31 this year, the British report, entitled The number is also increasing, acceptance rate this year, the best colleges, in the United States, the general decline of several percentage points. Harvard to 23,000 the number of applicants, acceptance rates is only 9%, Dartmouth College in 2006 and 16% acceptance rate, down to 15% in 2007, the University of Pennsylvania this year, the number of applications increased by 11% over 2006, the acceptance rate from 17% to 14%. I thought this problem, do not only China's key universities around the world who are asking too much in evidence, Is it only the good universities in China like this? America's best universities, best university in England, together with Japanese universities, they are outstanding young people around the world have the greatest appeal. but I am not a university in Japan to understand, but University of English speaking countries I know very well that they have very strict rules, they are the best universities, even if greatly increased the number of applicants each year, they do not casually enrollment. no leaders in this country closed last year, 9,000 people college application, apply for 15,000 people this year, so they Enrollment 3000.
me to read a data: the best American universities every year, enrollment in the past ten years, basically nothing changes. I know the more familiar several prestigious universities, enrollment in the past they ten to fifteen years, the growth and reduce the proportion of no more than 5%. such as Princeton University in the United States very, very good school to 6,000 the number of people, it is not enrollment. Some schools, California Institute of Technology campus before more than 2,000 people, it never enrollment. they are 1,600 undergraduate students each year, how many years are like this. There are so many people want to go to that school, which will give the school bring a lot of revenue. Princeton University's tuition fees, nine months forty-six thousand U.S. dollars, and does not include the family to buy textbooks for students, plus air fare. In the twenty best universities in the United States, an average of nine months of tuition fees is that these, as long as these schools want to make money, as long as the enrollment number plus a zero, they will make money. I was thinking of this problem, would the world do not know how these college students selected their own, only China prestigious universities in order to face such problems before with the Chinese approach to the screening exam people? Why do people not like you, I have been thinking about this problem. I think the problem started in 2001 up to now, every year trying to find Some help me solve the difficult problems. I think about the overall direction is clear, China's prestigious university admission system, in the past years, the whole of Chinese society to send out information, which in the whole of Chinese society, young people The framework is getting behind the talent, more and does not meet the requirements of our times, more innovation does not meet the country of China as a long-term development goals, more pain and misery to the family. I am not exaggerating . we have to discuss a problem, if prestigious universities around the world are huge differences between supply and demand, because this is a trend around the world, talk about The reason is simple, before many poor families can not send their children to college, and now they may change their thinking and likely to send their kids to college. In the past some families, three to five children can not go to college, and now the sharp contrast between supply and demand will only get larger, and not getting smaller. The United States is the world Higher Education in most developed countries, it did not take the Chinese approach to solve the supply and demand, this is what I am most worried about.
my next point is to look at several universities in the United States the best, I say Ma Institute of Technology, Stanford, the well known universities. You see how they do, and we have no reason to see it.
First of all, we need to get rid of a concept: only the importance of examination of Chinese higher education system, top universities in the United States not the importance of examination. the United States most of the school, in a little inferior to the Chinese, that collective training as China, which we have to admit it. What is group training? into China's schools, what kind of person you are, it does not matter you, so a lazy and learn to enter China's slightly better, he can not every day, lazy, and he do not want to do a lot of mm to the level of poor results raise a large portion of people, because people want to continue to training, and then lazy horse, stupid horse to go faster, this is the secondary school system. But the American school system is another point, it is precisely what we lack: its talented, motivated learning that the students leave space, do not know the education system in China is larger than the number. So we would say, the Chinese education system, if only just to train a large number of industrial factories army, which is the world's most effective system. certainly more effective than we Japan, they endorsed every day, but can be creative, which do not know. The American system can not pull up the poor people, it can not force you do not want to do this with the basic values of social standards. But it has other advantages, it gives consciously active, very creative, ideas and open people, leaving a high ceiling, how you jump will not have to play down China's education system will soon beat you down. admissions system designed along this line of thought over. America's best college enrollment system, is to provide high enough ceiling, high ceiling, people develop their own are not clear. because the United States higher education system is so multi-layered and multi-form, vertical multi-level, multi-form refers to the plane. so poor compared screening for these students, the University is not the best thing that they are good enough high school graduates in the United States to select the most promising they think. China's 2,000 years of misunderstanding, is not a measure of a young talent, the standard identification only point is that you can not test scores, and the way the examination system to the strange results that can can not remember the standard answer. This is very troublesome thing, only the standard of examination answers will be all the possibilities in this world have been sealed, are not able to open all the way. This examination system is based on where? The standard answer is determined by the older people, because they know the past, so they know the future? they have to decide your future, not let you have a second possibility. This is a great self-confidence! If a person knows all possibilities for the future is still alive doing? most people should commit suicide. This is equivalent to any one person to tell you, you do not do unnatural for the future. The reason why we live, is because they are there for the future different possibilities, we need to do a variety of efforts. Our traditional examination system that precisely is to tell you that there is only one standard answer, you do not take into account all the problems, as long as you do the only thing you have to try to remember that the standard answer.
If we look at America's best college admissions system, which constitutes a good few, the first one is the test, but not the kind of tests the Chinese people, previously the most widely used is the SAT. I'll SAT exam compared with the domestic. I've asked many people consider the biggest difference between where they are? asked a lot of people, they told me to write examinations in China, SAT exam test logical reasoning ability, ability to respond. The is so different! I speak specifically, if the SAT does not restrict the time, better high school graduates in China, most of the test can be very high points, the exam is these things. Finally, calculation of test scores, national test is the cumulative points, a correct answer to the fifth test is the probability NSAT, students around the world test SAT, you count the top few percent, always in a competition among you. There was the Chinese test very high scores, with the SAT exam very good, I am very impressed. such test to 2200 points or more, that you are the person in the world among high school graduates, you are the best 10%, this is glorious. you test to 2350 points more than high school graduates in the world you are, you are the best 5%. you can test 2400, high school graduates in the world, you are less than 1% of the top people. If only the top universities in the United States This approach to screening personnel, because the test has a chance. Liu Xiang is great, but each hurdle he could not say that all the world's first, unless the referee bought it. So I think test screening system design, what we learn Social Science people care about. examinations should test reasoning ability to respond.
Another Essay exam exam. several universities in the United States the best, they Essay examination method is divided into two kinds: one is the generic essay exam; essay questions asked were very universal. such as it is to you is very important to evaluate one of your own experience or achievement, or the risk is very important, not imagined, or if you have experienced, very important moral dilemma, said about the four Type in any kind of effect on you. Some people will make up, that I launched the war in Afghanistan. This is of course not, be based on facts, not nonsense, because the exam and there are other ways to find out whether you talk nonsense . Why did the four types of things are listed? your experience, experience is very plain things, like I am young, I'm only 18 years old, you always have the experience, what experience you can not say no. achievements have sizes, the risk some small, will always find a thing and then ask questions. general application to write Essay, there are several very good universities have different content. such as Stanford University's Essay technology-based IT . there is a well-known words: very appreciated, do you think of great value, or paintings of people you appreciate, do you think of great value, or draw it there are many places you love, you like. or painting the picture is Over the past life of a very important piece, so that you appreciate this picture, please tell me why this picture is so meaningful to you? If that second person to apply at Stanford University, there are three million people, taking only two Stanford University thousands of people. You want to get into the threshold, if you have no hope, you certainly will not apply. the average American has a probability of a statistical, the number of schools do not apply more than 7, otherwise it will waste your time. thirty thousand applications Stanford people, twenty thousand copies of the applications which best written? for the selection of the best, they will give you a space. you can not spread rumors, must be based on. The puzzle is difficult, if now I write and I write to.
also write essays, Princeton University, and is specifically written for the Princeton University. From a Quote to someone else's citation as a diving board, from this place jump out, as a primer, to tell them, starting from the quotation as a starting point, an event may tell you it does not matter, this event or the experience to help you determine their own values. Some people refer to Einstein, this sentence is : When the principal when the goals set for students is: years ago to write the lessons of Princeton University Princeton .2004 training has changed, says Princeton University's goal is enable students to comment on these two different motto. the third paragraph is a quote, cited the twentieth century's greatest American poet of the poem, she said, However, different people enjoy is not the same. For me and my friend is concerned, the greatest pleasure and enjoyment, than the fire in the wall next to the fire against nature, and we won the most beloved books, we read to yourself, but also read it to friends around to listen, this is for me the most happiness. it, the subject of this in advance you know, five or six years before a change, you also have to prepare.
Maybe you would say is wrong with Americans? wrong, I was a kid wanted to test Peking University, as a teacher in my hometown told me one thing, what stimulated me. twenties of the twentieth century, he said, recruited a student of Peking University, Department of History, Chinese literature to test a title for three consecutive years, on Qin Shi Huang. In the history of China, Qin Shi Huang's article about too much, Peking University in the early twentieth century, when, to tell you that next year is still the subject of examination on the Qin Shi Huang. copy is unsuccessful, the adults to write eight things and seventh old written by different people, you want to make up impossible. good university approval committee because for many years to do the job, ability to identify them well, although not one hundred percent effective, but can read most of who wrote it . because in the past twenty years, thirties, when Emperor Qin Dynasty, also called the respondent, the statement, the following are all sitting Hu, Chen these people, if not you write your own, then you will not answer. I have just talked about the reasoning ability test SAT, in addition to two short other than pure academic performance depends on not the same as with other aspects, including sports, art, which we all know.
I saw a report, Hunan a father, in order to let the children learn to swim, tied her hands and feet for her to practice swimming. Americans reported that This part is all up to now, I appreciated the most, the reason for that? America's best university training objectives, not the nerd culture. They need to train people? Harvard University, teaching objectives just by speaking, to nurture a know responsibility of the citizens. If you a good enough student, you read the four books here, you are resident here, you do what you do in this area, this is the first meaning of good citizenship. good citizens The second meaning is nationwide. you, as a Chinese citizen, you have done this country great social thing anything meaningful? you what did you live on a planet? Some might say that this goal is not too high? you are not speaking too nothing Piaomiao? I'll tell you nothing Piaomiao. precisely this point, the very good reader, who has the potential to dig out. because of the commitment and contribution to society, not have a fixed program. students from the middle of your life, find things to themselves, risking their own difficulties and risks do, in terms of young teens, he could think to do is a very great quality.
I repeat that story. I do teaching assistant at Harvard, there is a female student, the senior, she thought of the Three Gorges Project in China Three Gorges investigate the impact of immigration, it was in 1991, the Three Gorges project just long, not much country at the time people think. I asked her why she thought this, she said that the Three Gorges is the greatest water conservancy project, the project's impact on the environment and immigration I really want to know. I said it's hard, you poor Mandarin, talk about that place Sichuan, I went to could not understand, you better do not understand. the place to eat chili, no hot water bath, no email, can not contact my family, I say you can adapt to it? she thought, that need to think about. The next day she told me all think it over, or go to, called home called to say she was going. She wanted me to do two things, first, to allow her a lesson; second, can not recommend her for about funding. as to China, even if your house of money, it is the parents money, through their own money before looking for funding to prove that you have a skill. She said that funding for that, ah, ah Scholarships , do not take their parents money. Then she went on to Chongqing. spent a semester in that, she said, looking down a school I just understand most of the Sichuan dialect, just used to eating chili, I do not want to come back, I would also like to do a semester, can you support me, I said OK. I did not put this thing was about as children, eight years ago, there was an American law student, he told me inside the United States Congress there is one person in the world first-class environment, this person is a graduate of Harvard, but I still did not seriously children; Later I asked the name of my students know that she is! I do not talk nonsense, this matter to me a great education.
1992, a second girl, she had to drop out half a year, to go to camps in Thailand. the mid-nineties, when several thousand refugees in Thailand. I support her, and she also went the. came back like thin people look like, I asked her how? she said before I do not know about hardship, I do not know what the struggle, I do not know what suffering, I do not know what the dream, I What hope do not know, I know all to it. that place a lot of kids to live in fear, suffering all the things that human society, they tasted, but they still have hope that this turning point of my life unmatched, all they do not compare me to get along with kids. This is what 20 years ago, which is a commitment to society. She is not pre-think this thing is good for her? If you do not believe then you can take the risk, now you can go to Iraq to Afghanistan, and you can teach kids that you can go ah.
University of the United States there are very good in this part of the interview, the interview, there are two, one If you're kind of the most important centers in the U.S. city, the school will be responsible for sending people to interview; if you are not in the center, this interview is to serve our alumni. The role of the interview is to understand the written application of all transcripts no performance stuff. the best universities in the United States, and its admissions system has several important aspects, is very particular about the two essays, this gives you a lot of space, commitment to the community very seriously, but also attaches great importance to extracurricular expertise, the high cost of these aspects together, why should this cost, not to be judged according to papers? as an examination paper, only part of assessing the potential of a young man. Other parts, if there is no chance to be evaluated This makes it difficult. It sent out the information on the society as a whole, according to this framework to shape, will affect the number of young people, a generation after generation. higher education enrollment system, on the totality of a society is subtle , at least to affect three generations. This is the Chinese people years trees, monumental reason.
Now some high school graduates mm is not very common in the United States only a few mm before the family encountered these problems: they graduated from high school do not test into college, but want to do things that affect the community. This evening I wanted to come together with a white student, but he could not come to class. He graduated from high school in Washington is very good, with his test results can best universities in the United States. But he did not test, but a little out scholarship applications to China to study Chinese as a volunteer. during the day in the North Division of Chinese, other times when volunteers do not get a penny. was It was recommended to him, I do not want to receive him. Then they said all right, you do not have control of his life, and leave his salary, he has a scholarship, I said yes. He speaks Chinese are particularly good. I have realized that the best American college admissions system is not fixed, in such an educational system evolution, we see that life is learning, but learning life. outside the campus outside the classroom is also a form of learning, so life is very different from doing it. I am sincerely speaking with you, I am Chinese Youth ...
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